Features of Robot Design

Features of Robot deviseROBOT DESIGNSection 1 Requirements1.1 IntroductionRobot is a kind of automatic machine, which has speci exclusivelyy a serial of analogous competences as human-being, much(prenominal) as sensing dexterity, planning capability, moving capability and so on. The word Robot was referred by Czech writer K arl apek in his play R.U.R (Rossums Universal Robots), which was make in 1920. 1 Moreover, the word golemics, which describes this kind of field of study, was referred accidentally by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. In his science fiction, all the zombies must obey the Three Laws of Robotics (a set of three principles). The laws be stated as follows1. A zombi whitethorn non injure a human being or, through inaction, lead a human being to come to harm.2. A robot must obey any orders assumption to it by human beings, except where such(prenominal) orders would conflict with the number superstar Law.3. A robot must nurse its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.With the developing of science and technology of moodrn society, robot is moving toward the trend of the cultivation of intelligent. The one we leave alone design is called Autonomous Mobile Robot which is a kind of mobile robot. It has varieties of detectors and trainlers on itself. In addition, it is a robot that washbowl in work outently complete some tasks without external information scuttlebutt and guard during operations. The tar train for autonomous mobile robot is to, in the absence of external intervention and without reservation any provisions on the circumstance and changing conditions in carrying out the process, sense around the local circumstance information continuously and make a variety of decision-making independently and finally move purpose-built and the complete the tasks. fit inly, navigation technology is the core of autonomous mobile robot.1.2 LifecyclesThe diagram of lifecycl es for this range is flip overn below. It shows from the informant of the hurtle to the end.The frame project worry is an extremely zippy divorce in any project, though it is always ignored in umpteen police squads. We involve make a window pane of doing project management before do everything. We could dissertate in a group to think out all of the possibilities which may happen in the project. Many torpedoes are better than a single bullet. 7 Therefore, a group discuss to crushher may motivate more and more inspiration rather than individually single thinks it alone. A typical governance feature should submit simple function but complex design. It aim alike make a series of requirements after discussing by group, because it adds some various point of views. Possibly, there will be some quarrels during the discussion, hence, we need to respect to everyone and every point of view. In addition, a straight field of operation will be built end-to-end the project . Every engineer should behave in honest and ethically responsibility. Otherwise, they will not be treated as a professional engineer in their field. or so half of team, who is failed in the project, is due to a bad project management. However, the majority of teams may give incomplete requirements in the project therefore, the result for them is alike fail. To sum up, baseing a high-quality project management and governance engineering will decrease project failure probability.1.3 Quality PlanThe quality plan displays the indispensable product qualities and how these are mea confident(predicate)d and defines the most important quality attributes. The product quality is defined in High-level which emphasize the capabilities of developers for this project. Therefore, we have to deal if the project preyives are particular proposition, measurable, achievable, sureistic and time-limited. The quality plan complex body detonate is showed in table 2.Process DescriptionBuild all o f the beat backs, microcontrollers, sensors and former(a) characters on the living accommodations. hence fall in all components to the business office interpret. In addition, build the software code into microcontrollers. Finally, before the formal race, we need to demonstrate the robot and improve on the ability such as velocity, stable and so on.Quality GoalsTo poking as fast as possible and also ensure the egg will not get out of the car.Table 2. Quality Plan Structure1.4 Requirements specificationThere are a series of requirements going to be given in the paper. It hindquarters be grouped in cost of Mandatory, druthers and surgical processal. Three specific tables of these requirements are given as followsMandatory RequirementsMotorTo make the wheels rotate. house decorator need deuce take corresponding with two rear wheels.SensorTo provide the robot drive on the right route. It uses A/D conversion to send the foretell into single bite.DC ConverterTo step-down th e voltages from the force-out supply. The work voltage for singlechip is around 5V, but the authority supply given is much higher than it. Hence, interior designer take to reduce the voltage.WheelsTo make the robot running. former need two rear wheels which measure the speed of rotating and one base wheel which makes the robot balance. ItMicrocontrollerTo integrate all inputs, outputs and memory etc. into one chip. trappingTo put all components on. It is a base for the robot car.Power fork outTo provide voltage so that works successfully.WiresTo connect all components from one hole to another.SpoonTo carry an egg whilst undertaking its journey. dark-skinned forceTo give the robot a track to race. The discolor line is 5 meter long. It git be designed any shape of routes.Preference RequirementsAesthetic AppearanceTo prettify the robot from wrong to outside. It will be done after care foring with all Hardware and software components, including adding some(prenominal) condu ct lights or a sound box. Also, orderly wires connected on the breadboard will be weighate. all of the opinion above would make consumer happy.BatteryTo give a wireless robot car. Using a pack of battery instead of wired power supply back make a real robot. However, it will increase the weight of robot itself.Operational RequirementPersonnelTo distribute distributively part of project to separately of six team member specially. In the project, there are different tasks such as classming design, hardware design, mechanical construction etc. afterward discussion by group, we can filter out the best parts of each section. Therefore, the project can be distributed to each team member who did the best in his field. In addition, there should be a team leader, for supervising and ar ramble every part in this project.Test EquipmentTo test the robot after designing and assembling work. Designer can use different flakes of raceways to test the ability of the robot such as the maximum speed, token(prenominal) and maximum universal gas constant of crimping circle etc.FacilitiesTo fix the robot with exact in additionls. Designer needs some basic tools to assemble the components on the admit.Technical DataTo give some specific details. Designer may search online to get some technical data, which can prove our design point.Computer computer softwareTo design the designming code. Using Microchip MPLAB(if designer use PIC microchip) or other similar software to build the programming code.CostTo control the calculate. As we know, designer should give a compute before working. In this project, the budget is 40 pounds, spell we can exceed the budget by nonrecreational own. However, it is not a good solution. Therefore, the budget should be controlled strictly.Section 2 Design2.1 Design strategyWe divide the design outline into two parts. One is Hardware, and the other is Software. both(prenominal) of them are extremely vital in this project. We will use EE 2A laboratory component to guide us design the project throughout. 8 all told of the specific details for each component will be given in each part. A table for design outline is as followsHARDWIREMotorHo applySensorMicrocontrollerPower write outsoftware productMPLAB IDE2.1.1 Hardware2.1.1.1 Servo agreeThe key of Servo Control is repulse. In this paper we will give two kinds of motorsServo motor and feelper motor.Servo MotorIt is one kind of indirect subvention motor speed changing artifice which can control the mechanical components of the engine running. It can control the speed, displacement accuracy. In addition, it makes voltage type into torque and rotational speed to drive the controller. The servo motor is divided into DC servo motor and AC servo motor.Servo motor mainly relies on impulse to locate. Also, when servo motor receives a pulse, thusly it will rotate an angle which is corresponding to one pulse. Thus, it may acquire a displacement. Because of the servo m otor has sent a pulse function itself, hence, each servo motor will sent the corresponding numbers of pulse when it rotates an angle. Moreover, it is connected to the pulse which is sure by the servo motor, or called Closed-loop. Furthermore, the system will know how many pulses have been sent and how many pulses have been received simultaneously. Accordingly, we can control the motor rotation accurately, in order to achieve slender positioning which can reach 0.001mm.In DC servo motor, it is divided into brush and brushless motors. The characteristics of brush motor and brushless motor are as followsBrush confused cost, simple structure, large starting torque, speed range is wide, easy control. Do need to maintain (but easy maintenance).Brushless Small size, light weight, fast response, high speed, polished inertia, smooth rotation, stable torque. Complicated control, easy to implement intelligence. High efficiency, low operating temperature, small electromagnetic radiation. Mo tor maintenance-free.Stepper MotorStepper motor is an open-loop control element which translates galvanic impulse signals into angular displacement or linear displacement. Under the non-overload condition, motor speed and stop location unaccompanied depend on pulse frequency and pulse number, regardless of the load change. That is, to send an electrical pulse signal, then turn one motor step angle. The existence of this kind of linear relationship, coupled with notwithstanding a periodic error of hoofer motors without the accumulated error, makes simple to control the stepper motor in terms of speed, position and other control areas. The characteristics of stepper motor are given as follows Stepper motors are constant power devicesWhen there is a motor speed increasing, then the torque decreasesThe torque sheer may be extended by using current limiting drivers and expanding the driving voltage.Stepper motor has more vibration than any other motors.The vibration becomes awful a t some speeds and may partake the motor to lose torque.The effect can be reduced by increasing velocity promptly through the problem speeds range, actually damping the system, or using a half-stepping motor.Motors with many phases also display velvet-textured operation than those with fewer phases.The technical requirements of the servo control system1. System AccuracyThe accuracy refers to the income tax return of the input signal corresponding with the output of the precision required, which performs in the form of errors. It can be summarized as dynamic error, steady-state errors and static errors, which are composed of three aspects.2. StabilityThe stability of the system means that when playing on the system after the disappearance of the interference, the system can be restored to its original steady-state capacity or when there is a reinvigorated input to the system expect, the system will reach a new stable operation of state capacity.3. ResponseThe response refers to the output follow the input commands changing in reaction speed, which determines the efficiency of the system. The Response speed corresponds with a number of factors, such as the computers speed, movement system damping and quality etc.4. Operating FrequencyThe operating frequency usually refers to the system which allows the input signal frequency range. When the operating frequency signal is input, the system will work fit in to the technical requirements, while the other frequency signal is input, the system will not work properly.The classifying of servo control systemThere are three kinds of common classifying as follows1. According to the different characteristics of parameters.2. According to the types of the driving components.3. According to the control theory.The Structure of servo control systemServo control system typically includes in five partscontroller, controlled object, implementation part, testing part and comparison part.1. ControllerController is usually a computer or a PID control circuit. The most important task is to compare the warpage output signal and deal with the transform processing, in order to control the implemental components act under the requirements.2. controlled objectThe object is controlled including displacement, velocity, acceleration, force and torque.3. implementation partThe function of the implementation part is in term of control signals, according to the requirements of the various forms energy of the input transform into mechanical energy, in order to drive the controlled object.4. testing partTesting part is a device which is able to measure the output and convert into more areas of the attribute that needed to. Typically, it includes sensors and conversion circuits.5. comparison partComparison part is to compare between the input command signals and the feedback signals of system, in order to attain the deviation between the output and input signal, which is usually achieved by a specific circuit or compu ters.Accordingly, we design this project with using stepper motor. Considering with the difficult in doing the program code, we have to give up using DC servo motor. Moreover, DC servo motor may create some pulses when it works we have to make each program separately. Furthermore, the advantage for using stepper motor is that we have already programmed the code. Hence, we could use it with some modification easily.2.1.1.2 HousingIn this project, caparison is as to the robot, just like trunk as to human-being. The stability and adaptability is the key of the project. Therefore, we prefer buy a readymade admit or the car online. There are 3 advantages for using this method. Firstly, we do not need to deal with the mechanical construction anymore. All of the basic components have already been built on the housing model. It can save an amount of time to do other work secondly, the housing model is undeviating, for the seller has sell so many models already, particularly to the compet itors for the race thirdly, the cost is lower than we do it ourselves. It can control the budget very well. To sum up, we choose this way to get the housing. In addition, the specific size of each component should be given on the prospectus.Therefore, after choosing kinds of different type of housing, we pick up an advanced housing with wheels.The size of wheels could affect the speed and the angle when it is driving. Under the same condition, using big wheels can go fast in the straight line. However, when there is a curve at the end of straight line, it is harder to turn the right direction immediately than small size wheels, because of its big radius of turning circle.The material of wheels could also affect the speed and angle when it is driving. Using plastic rear wheel may provide a high speed because of less friction. However, without more friction, it may get trouble at turning point with high angular velocity. In our case, to make sure the robot go through the black line tr ack is the most important task. Therefore, rubber wheels should be in favour.Hence, to make wheels rotate flexible, we choose a stainless stigma base wheel with 3mm inter radius, 10mm outer radius, 4mm thickness. Moreover, two rear wheels were designed with 20mm radius to make sure it has still some space under the housing to build our sensors on. According, the manufactory constructed the housing for these details we need. Finally, we fix two O-type rubber rings on the wheels.In the front of the housing, we still need to deal with some specific works. Firstly, we need two stepper motors discussed before, the point is, how to fix them on the housing steady. Right, we need two clips to fix them on the housing. accordingly use one screw and one screwball for each side to fix the motor steady. Secondly, to make the housing tidy, we need to add a steel plate. It can not only steady the housing, but also provide another new immediately to fix chips on so that do the connection work l ater easier. Furthermore, we have another remnant in this project. It is called egg race. It means we must build a spoon provided to carry an egg throughout the race. Hence, we have to consider how to ensure the egg will not be dropped off. Consequently, we design it that put the spoon on the cover of that added steel plate. It is a good place to lay the egg on, for it is not too high. In addition, we could add several(prenominal) wires around the spoon to double ensure it successfully.2.1.1.3 Sensors motion-picture show SensorAn depiction sensor is a device which converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is use regularly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. Normally, an image sensor is a military mission-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active-pixel sensor. almost digital still cameras use either a CCD image sensor or a CMOS sensor. Both types of sensor achieve the same task of capturing light and converting it into ele ctrical signals. 2CMOSA CMOS chip is a type of active pixel sensor which is made by using the CMOS semiconductor method. Extra circuitry adjacent to each image sensor converts the light energy to a voltage. Moreover circuitry on the chip might be included to convert the voltage to digital data. It is a sensor which has high system integration. That is to say, a CMOS chip can integrate all of functions needed by image sensor into a system-on-chip so that to achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the production.CCDA CCD is an analog device. When light hits the chip, it is held like a small electrical charge in each photoelectric sensor. The charges are converted to voltage one pixel every time when they are read from the chip. Moreover, the circuitry in the camera converts the voltage into digital data too.A CCD has a series of advantages as follows High Resolution Low Noise High Dynamic Range linearity High Quantum Efficiency Large Field of View Broad Spectral Response Low Image D istortion Small Size, Light Weight Low Consume Power, Without Strong Magnetic Fields fix High Charge TransmissionPhotoelectric sensorA photoelectric sensor is a device used to detect the displacement, absence, or presence of an object by using an infrared transmitter and a photoelectric receiver. They are used broadly in industrial manufacturing. There are three different functional types opposed, retro reflective, and proximity-sensing.A self-contained photoelectric sensor contains the optics, along with the electronics. It requires only a power source. The sensor performs its own modulation, demodulation, amplification, and output switching. Some self-contained sensors provide such options as built-in control timers or counters. Because of hi-tech progress, self-contained photoelectric sensors have become more and more small. In addition, fibre optic is passive mechanical sensing components. They may be used with self-contained sensors. They have no electrical circuitry and no m oving parts, and can safely pipe light into and out of antagonistic environments.3After discussing both image sensor and photoelectric sensor, we decide to use photoelectric sensor during the project. From the comparison of advantages and disadvantages, we can easily find that image sensor (usually use CCD method) is a complicated and advanced technology. It is based on photoelectric infrared transmitter and receiver, but use analogue signal to digital signal. It could be used in some complex task such as 3-D race track. In our project, we only challenge to do up to 5 meters race track. Hence, it is not so much useful to get such an exact detection. Moreover, one of the advantages of photoelectric sensor is high response. It is faster than using image sensor to detect the unknown track.Accordingly, we prefer use photoelectric infrared sensor during the project. As we know, the point of photoelectric infrared sensor is infrared. We have to confirm two beside sensors do not disturb ea ch other work. Hence, to get an appropriate distance between two sensors is the problem in this part.From reading several physical exercise projects before, we find a majority of them prefer put all the sensors into one straight line where elicits our attention. It does not matter to put them in front or back of the robot. It is similar to the X-axis. We can define each sensor a coordinate. We prefer use seven infrared sensors (1cm space between two sensors), so we can define all of these sensors into -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, which are the y-coordinate. Connect a LED light to the receiver of each sensor. Thus, we can know which sensor is working and which one is not. The specific diagram of sensors are showed in 1. For example, the robot starts at the centre of black line, so the LEDs should send us a data with 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 (when sensor detects black line, the LED will light. Because the different reflectivity of black and white line). because it will go along the track unti l meet a turning point. The receiver might be received a data with 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0. Thus, from the definition of setting before, we can identify the robot has departed from the centre of the black line to remaining. Therefore, the robot should turn left.There will be some possible troubles during debugging the robot car. The sensors are not reliable after using for a long time. Therefore, the fixed LEDs will solve this problem definitely. When they work, the LEDs should be lighted.2.1.1.4 MicrocontrollerA Microcontroller is a small computer based on a single IC (integrated circuit) which is consisting of a congener simple central processor unit combined with specific functions such as a vitreous silica oscillator, timers, and watchdog timer etc. 4From the comparison with kinds of microcontroller, we choose MC33886 chip which is a member of the low-cost, high-performance HCS08 Family of 8-bit microcontroller units (MCUs). It is a monolithic H-Bridge ideal for fractional hor sepower DC-motor and bi-directional thrust solenoid control. The 33886 chip is able to control continuous inducive DC load currents up to 5.0 A. Output loads can be pulse width modulate (PWM-ed)at frequencies up to 10 kHz.5 The 33886 chip is parametrically detailed over a temperature range of -40C TA one hundred twenty-fiveC, 5.0 V V+ 28 V. The IC can also be operated up to 40 V with derating of the specifications. The IC is available in a surface mount power package with uncovered flip ones wig for heat sinking. The features of MC33886 chip is showed below 6Features Similar to the MC33186DH1 with Enhanced Features 5.0 V to 40 V Continuous Operation 120 m RDS(ON) H-Bridge MOSFETs TTL /CMOS Compatible Inputs PWM Frequencies up to 10 kHz energetic Current Limiting via inherent Constant OFF-Time PWM (withTemperature-Dependent Threshold Reduction) Output Short Circuit Protection Under voltage Shutdown erroneousness Status Reporting Pb-Free Packaging Designated by Suffix Code VWI n addition, the simplified application diagram and internal block diagram for MC33886 chip is given as followsThe 33886 chip has 20 pins. The diagram and specific pin tumbler Layout function description will be given in 4 and table 1 as followPin LayoutPin Layout NameFormal NameDescription1AGND parallel GroundLow-current analog signal ground.2FSFault Status for H-BridgeOpen drain active Low Fault Status output requiring a pull-up resistor to 5.0 V.3IN1Logic Input Control 1True logic input control of OUT14, 5, 16V+Positive Power SupplyPositive supply connections.6, 7OUT1H-Bridge Output1Output 1 of H-Bridge.8, 20DNCDo Not Connect either do not connect or connect these pins to ground in the application. They are test mode pins used in manufacturing only.9, 10, 11, 12PGNDPower GroundDevice high-current power ground.13D2Disable 2 dynamic Low input used to simultaneously tri-state disable both H-Bridge outputs. When D2 is logic Low, both outputs are tri-stated.14, 15OUT2H-Bridge Output 2 Output 2 of H-Bridge.17CCPCharge Pump Capacitor foreign reservoir capacitor connection for internal charge pump capacitor.18D1Disable 1Active High input used to simultaneously tri-state disable both H-Bridge outputs. When D1 is logic High, both outputs are tri-stated.19IN2Logic Input Control 2True logic input control of OUT2Table 1. Pin Layout Function DefinitionSome details for using the MC33886 chip should be noticed that how to use several chips together in this project. The method is using a number of MC33886 chips together in parallel. For there is no need to drive backward, hence, we could use half H-bridge and also make two half H-bridge in parallel. The importation for this method is to enhance the driving ability of the chips. It is a common variation from full H-bridge that uses two transistors on one side of the load. Moreover, use one of the half H-bridge to drive the motor and the other one to provide power for the sensors.2.1.1.5 Power SupplyPower supply is one of the most important components and the fundament for all components working. A regulated DC power supply provides 015 V voltage. There are two different way to build the power supply in this project. One is using two wires to connect 0 and +15V to the DC-DC converter the other one is building a battery on the robot itself. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, we have to analyze both of them first. Wired Power supplyThe advantages for the wired power supply are reliable, stable, durable and savable. The power supply is a regulated DC power supply. The only thing we need to do is using wires to connect both 0 and +15V to the DC-DC converter. Because the working voltage for some(prenominal) microcontroller, sensors and stepping motors is 5 volts, we need a DC-DC converter to convert voltage from 15V to 5V. Moreover, we do not need to consider the duration of the power supply. It will still work normally even if works after several hours. Furthermore, using wired powe r supply is an excellent method to consider the cost during the project, for the power supply is a preference requirement in this project. Hence, we do not need to cost a multitude on it.The disadvantage for the wired power supply is obviously wired. We have to let one soulfulness hold wires when it is driving. This is a consideration from personnel aspect. It is a waste of energy to the team. Wireless Power SupplyThe advantage for the wireless power supply is that we can design a really autonomous robot. We do not need to contribute one person to look after it. However, we may meet a series of problems when using battery. Firstly, it may increase the weight of whole robot. As we know, it is hard to turn left or right when you drive a high weight car. It is similar to an autonomous robot. Secondly, the duration is limited. For we have to test the robot before the race competition, the problem is how long does this pack of battery provide the power. The conclude is not too long. T herefore, if we choose to use battery as the power supply, we have to solve how to charge the battery first.To sum up, it is not a good method to use battery in this project. Basically, we consider from the duration and the cost these two aspects. Accordingly, the final scheme we designed is to use wired power supply.2.1.2 SoftwareBecause we do not have MC33886 chip yet, we have to use PIC 16F648A chip to simulate this design. It should be kinds of similar to each other, but particularly in using different software.With the purpose of writing program data into a PIC chip, a software programmer is required. In the design, a USB controlled PICkit2 may be used. We will give following steps to guild us through the generation of the programme. Moreover, make sure retain a simple debug programme in order to exercise any hardware, such as a simple flashing LED. There are a series steps to assistance us how to program the device. We pick them up from the laboratory notes.81. Connect the PI Ckit2 Microcontroller Programmer to the PC by using the USB cable. Socket the 6-pin header on the bread board or frankly on to the hardware (for in-circuit programming).2. Start MPLAB IDE from the crosscut icon on the desktop, or the Start notice. In addition, check the version number is MPLAB IDE v7.62 or above.3. From the MPLAB IDE menu bar, take up Project Project Wizard4. It opens up the Project Wizard. Click Next to continue.5. Wizard Step One The laboratory project target device is the PIC 16F648A (Which we will give an example in the next section). In the wizard, select the PIC 16F648A from the drop-down box and click next.6. Wizard Step Two select the use of the CSSC Compiler for PIC12/14/16/18 for the project language tool suite from the Active Tool suite drop-down box. We should browse so as to discover the location of the rouses on the hard disk. Then Click Next and continue.7. Wizard Step Three Name the project and select a directory. Then Click Next.8. Wizard Step Four There is possible that we want to add a file which has been written previously. The file tree view box on the left should already be lengthen to the project directory. Select the file which we want to add and click the Add button to add it to the project. Since the project directory is the same as the file directory, there is no need to check the box to copy it. Then Click Next when done.9. Wizard Summary Click the Finish button. A new page and project are created in the MPLAB IDE. The new page includes information on the selected PIC MCU device, the active programmer and/or debugger, open windows and their location, and other IDE configuration settings. The page is also related with a project, which includes the files which are needed to build an application (source code, include files, linker scripts and so on.) along with associated language (co

Nokia vs Apple Case Study

Nokia vs apple Case StudyThe Board of apple iTunes has c each(prenominal) for a report that seeks to examine the key macro and micro environmental factors within the medication transfer industriousness and provide signifi sack upt in tuneation regarding the current threat of Nokia shiping the melody download grocery. Also, juvenile trends should be observed and a schema has to be developed that go away limit Nokias impact and harbor orchard apple trees food mart shargon within Europe. In society to do so, we used signifi postt instruments to analyse the securities application and we formulated a scheme accordingly.2.1 apples relegation Statement apple is committed to starting the best in-person computing experience to student, educators, creative professionals and condumers arounf the solid ground through its progressive hardw atomic number 18, softw be and iternet byerings. apple continious to lead the pains in innovation with its award-winning computers, OS X operating brass and iLife and professional applications. apple is besides spearheading the digital media revolution with its iPod portable medication and video players and iTunes online store, and has entered the online call back market this year with its revolutionary iPhone.2.2 Apples strategyApple inc. is a vertically integrated confederation, manufacturing and supplying all hardw be and softwargon as well up as its own operating systems. Apple Inc. chose this strategy so they could retain favor and find out profit is non lost by financing another(prenominal) bon tons profit margins. The practice behind this theory is to severely finance research and development and take on read the necessary means of production to cover all atomic number 18as of the business. Marketing and advertising argon also a key component in Apple Inc.s strategy to collapse a better market nonplus.2.3 Apples marketTo exactly define Apples market is nearly unrealistic as the company takes dissever in the multimedia download market by offering a wide range of work akin medication, ringtones, games, Podcasts and movies (most popular is their iTunes service) as well as having tardily entered the active phone market with its spic-and-span iPhone. The multimedia download market is described by Mintel as anything that cornerstone be copied from the Internet to a PC, other portable tresss ( spry phones, PDA), game consoles or multimedia devices (Mintel, 2007). This includes music, video/ video recording programmes, games, wallpapers, icons and ringtones. For our report we will focus on the music part which is of supernumerary take to the Board of Apple iTunes although some consideration nigh the whole multimedia download market will pay off to be done, as Apple provides a variety of multimedia function and a reduction of the market to the music download market magnate be to narrow sometimes.Apple is not yet part of the busy download market (un exchang eable Nokia that has entered this market with its untried Ovi service and the launch of its N-Series devices) as this market is strictly delimitate by Mintel as products that are downloaded to a mobile phone, including ongoing subscription purchases or single one-off downloads. These products include icons, wallpaper, ringtones, music, bracings show or video clips, jokes and games. These services are for mobile phones wholly and similar items downloaded to a PC are excluded (Mintel, 2005) .The mobile phones market is being defined by Mintel as evanesceset manufacturers and profits service providers (Mintel, 2007).3. Overview of the multimedia download marketThis overview has been generated on the base of a Mintel report about uploading and downloading in the UK in 2007 and the figures provided only show the UK market. Since it send word be assumed that the UK market does not differ dramatically from the Europeen market since network providers, third party providers and mobil e manufacturers taking part in this market are accessed through the world wide web and therfore are also being used from Europeen nodes, the facts given can be change to the Europeen market.The multimedia download market and especially the music download market is a fast changing and fast growing emergent market that is characterised by high fragmentation as to a greater extent than and to a greater extent than players such as mobile phone manufacturers, network- and third party providers enter the market.Market Size and partitioningThe UK value for the download market in 2006 has increased 179% above 2002 to 343 one trillion million million and especially the growth of music downloads is acting as a main driver for the market and is overtaking mobile phone downloads that have been the largest segment of the market in the past. Mintel forecasts further expansion of the market between 2007 and 2009.Market ShareThe multimedia download market is a extremely fragmented market with many another(prenominal) players, that is being dominated by Apple iTunes with nearly 80% market share. Third-party providers like Napster, MonsterMob, iTouch and Zed are also an imporant source of the market, although in the case of mobile downloads network providers are significant too.Key Points of the Internal Market EnvironmentAn increase craving of consumers to benefit from new technology can clearly be recognized and especially in the music download market, consumer interest has increased imputable to innovative product launches, such as the Apple iPod. Also, in that locations a trend for technology devices to blend functions that have been associated with only one product, as recent examples like the Apple iPhone or the freshly announced Google Gphone show.Key Points of the External Market EnvironmentThe current neediness of legislating regarding copyright issues, encourages people away from legal download services. A trend being recognized by Mintel is that ad-sup ported content is getting more and more accepted from customers as they are more unbidden to download from official sources if the content is complete.The FutureMintel predicts that rather being an gibe-on downloading will pose an employment carried out on most devices. As a result mobile Internet surfing will increasingly become mass market4. Key factors to success for AppleThe companys wide and always streetwise range of downloadable files.The companies fresh and exiting presentation of services and devices that delivers the attitude towards the customer that downloading is fun.Design and fashion have proved highly important for the company, as their products are being regarded as hip and stylish.The ease of use for its products and services.The companys innovative technologies.Strong printing that attracts new customers, keeps older ones and creates additional value. spicyly effective advertisingMany glob and in orchis cooperations with whacking multinational firms5. PE STEL-AnalysisEconomical aspects Consumers soon feel in truth safe about their monetary situation and about their prosper life. As a result to that, they are willing to spent more in fast moving goods and luxury. However, costs evole to be the most important factor for customers when it comes to get a mobile phone and additional services as well as downloads.Socio-cultural aspects Theres a trend in the mulimedia download market towards buming young consumer groups, since these groups show higher interest in downloading and are less constraining towards new technologies. Despite this trend Apple have to consider that older consumer groups are usually wealthier than younger people and have more money to spent and it is also important for the furture to meditate that the overall world is growing older.Technical aspects The wide range of fast changing high-tech/high-quality download possibilities, encourages consumers to download and it also puts more pressure on competing firms, as they have to stay up-to-date with the newest technologies. Considerable developments in the mobile phone market (3G handsets becoming reality and expanded lark abouts useable to the customer) will push the multimedia download market into new spheres and will uncivil up great opportunities for Apple.Still, since Apple is taking part in a highly competitive market with new technologies arising and changing in a truly fast rate product-life-cycles are short and companies have to invest gruelingly in RD in order to stay competitive and to fullfil the market demand.Legal aspects Issues of copyrights and sinful downloads greatly affect the music download industry and are a major problem for active legal providers. A former lack of legislation in this area has encouraged consumers away from commercial downloading services and as a response to this, new technologies have been introduced that protect the copyright of owners and prevent customers to download and share files illegaly. Digital Rights Managment (DRM) was created to controll the number of copies that can be made from a download and although for the music industry thither are many positive aspects to DRM, there are surely as many negative for the consumer. Therefore, some companies have already planned to open big portals on DRM-Free tracks, that will legally enable the consumer to download files without being limited to a authentic number of computers, portable digital devices and CD burns for a reaonable price. muchover DRM-Free tracks can be play on any MP3 capable device Although Apple has already updated its offer with DRM-Free tracks, the choice for customers is still truly limited, as Apple could only strike get alongs with EMI that bear them to offer DRM-Free tracks. Also, Apples DRM-Free tracks are more expensive than those of its competitiors which could become a major problem in the future, if the company doesnt adapt its pricing to the market.6. Porters 5 ForcesSubstitute products A substitute product is not a direct alternative to the product a company is selling. For example, the new Sony Walkman media player is not a substitute for the iPod Touch, it is a competitor. However, a personal CD player or MP3 player could be if reliable aspects of the market were to change, e.g. price and there was a high elasticity of demand. In the case of iTunes, with music there is a wide range of options for buying music and therefore are many substitutes within the music industry, for example tapes, CDs, vinyl and DVDs. All of these are easily accessible and on the dot as convenient as downloading from the internet. The benefit which iTunes has is that you do not have to buy whole albums you can download songs individually and at a fraction of the cost of a single song on another format. Also you are able to buy movies, TV shows, audio books and Podcasts, all available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Reports by Mintel have shown that sale price and the volume of gross sa les is falling for non digital media, consequently as a result of internet downloading. Album sales are in dramatic decline largely collect to a boost in single downloads. High definition gaming and music channels have also deflected consumers away from buying into the music industry. However, for the future, it is possible that technological innovation will replace popular digital mediums and formats still we asume that this is not a very big threat for Apple, as the company has proved to always be up-to-date with the newest technologie and will do so in the future.The Threat of new Entrants Already, there are hundreds of media downloading sites available to use on the internet. close to are legal and some are not. It is more difficult to block and put barriers up for illegal entrants into the market because they are not abiding by the law and therefore do not have patents, licences or the rights to distribute media, but still do. With legitimate start up companies, there are hood requirements, possible patents licences to obtain and ultimately the prospect of competing with already well established and reputable companies such as iTunes. Mintel predicts that there will be an influx of new companies willing to invest in the online downloading industry. A big threat for Apple constitutes the entrance of Amazon into the market. The company announced the launch of a new music download portal that offers a wide range of DRM-Free tracks to a reasonable price. Since there are many advantages to DRM-Free tracks, like the fact that users can legaly copy the files without being curb to a certain number of copies, consumers are anticipate to highly welcome the new download store. Apple has to be aware of the fact, that it could loose twain new and old customers by restricting them to Digital Rights Management tracks that can only be contend on Apples iPod and not on any MP3 capable device, as it is the case with Amazon. Another threat of new entrants Apple ha s to face is, that the download industry is likely to change towards add-driven downloads, which means that customers wont have to even up for their downloads if they agree to watching adds. Google will launch its own mobile phone, the G-Phone. Googles strategy is to give its services for salve to customers and than sell adds to pay for them. Apart from that, Nokias launch of the new Ovi Store unneurotic with its new N-Series will be the greates threat of new entrance as it will allow customers to at one time download files to their mobile which Apples iPhone currently doesnt do.Bargaining Power Of Customers Due to the vast range of direct alternatives and substitutes, iTunes needs to price competitively as well as maintaining reputation and range availability. Consumers are easily swayed to alternative products, especially the ease and free use of illegal downloading sites and therefore need to be drawn in to using legal downloading sites like iTunes. Consumers have great powe r due to their ability to buy from any one competitor in the music industry and can therefore potentially dictate prices by constantly buying from the cheapest company, indeed forcing competitors to reduce prices. Obviously one customer would not make a difference, but collectively customers are strong. As for the Apple iPhone, it has to be considered that network providers have great power over the company, as they could set not to sell the iPhone or put pressure on the company that forces them to pay a certain amount of their revenues to the provider. At the moment, Apple has restricted itself to one provider, O2, and therefore greatly depends on them selling the iPhone but this will surely change over time.Bargaining Power of Suppliers Similarly to bargaining power of customers, there is the bargaining power of suppliers. iTunes have to submit to the requirements of the consumer market to be competitive, but on the other hand have the ability to bargain with their suppliers du e to the size and reputation of the company, thus they are a supplier and a customer. Due to the volume of sales that iTunes have, it would be foolish for companies such as SonyBMG, Universal, Warner and EMI to not compromise on the costs and rights to distribute their music, as their success in the music download market highly depends on the successful distribution of their music, mainly through Apple. This fact clearly limits the bargaining power of suppliers to a certain degree, although Apple has to consider that without their music iTunes could not function as efficiently as the market demands. Therefore a compromise must arise that suits both companies, a possible agreement could be initial fees plus percentage of sales.Intensity of Rivalry Although the amount of companies operating in the music download market is pretty high, Apple is the clear market attractor. Still the multimedia download market is a market in its growth phase with fast changing technologies and many new companies entering the market. At the moment, it seems very unlikely that a company could seriously threaten Apples market position but the company has to be aware of the fact that there are other big multinational companies trying to enter the market with new technologies and ways of offering their services.7. The Industry Life CycleThe multimedia download market is a market in its growth phase that is being stimulated by an increasing desire of customers to benefit from multimedia technology and services. Technical innovations are leading to an increasing number of consumers seeking to act through the internet and to download their music. The market value of the music download market has shown very strong and is going to rise even more in the future as customers familiarise themselves more and more with the internet and are increasingly aware of innovative technologies. Especially the youth segment pays great interest to the digital download of music and holds out good prospects for long-term growth. At the same time more and more firms are entering the music download market and prices for technology and services are expected to fall. Add-driven content services and the entrance of firms offering download services from online portals directly to the mobile will bring new perspectives into the market and constitute a threat and a hazard at the same time.8. iv Links Model LynchInformal co-operative linksGoogle There are many informal ties that form the alinement between Google and iTunes. The reasoning for the alliance has long been speculated and many believe it is to overthrow the dominant drawing card in the market Microsoft. With Google developing an Office type package and Apple inc. already having an operating system well established, an alliance could be the key to outsmarting Microsoft and decrease their market share. The main features that form the alliance are as follows Google currently have a video application that has been made available for u sers to browse freely but cannot download from. Therefore a link to the iTunes website where consumers can download the video can be made available. The link is perfect because customers can view on Google Video and then download from iTunes if they wish. iTunes can be integrated into the Google toolbar or bundle product pack. Also, Google have a sponsored search for the iTunes website where users are directed to the iTunes website and a small fee is provided to Google from the company for the service. CEO of Google Eric Schmidt is currently sitting on the board of Directors for Apple inc. due to the past possible development of the Google iPhone, but this development never really took off. However, he has said recently that Apple and Google are doing more and more things together and there is a possible tablet path personal computer on the horizon. We have similar goals and similar competitors. Though there is no formal agreement or alliance yet.Starbucks Currently only available in the USA, when in a Starbucks deep brown Shop, any iPod touch, iPhone or PC with iTunes on can connect to the iTunes website for free. There is a Starbucks option on the webpage that can allow you to see the current song that is playing and also the last 10 tracks played. Songs can be previewed and downloaded and will automatically sync to your PC when next connected. This is convenient for the customer and benefits both Starbucks and Apple. musket ball co-operative linksNike Bringing dramas and music together, Apple and Nike have produced the Nike+iPod which is designed to give the ultimate workout experience. In order to benefit from this, the customer must own a pair of Nike+ trainers (Nike+Air Zoom Moire), an iPod and the Nike+iPod sport kit which is what connects the trainers to the iPod. It is connected via wireless receivers. The idea was realised when Apple CEO Steve Jobs conducted research that showed 50% of the 50 million who bought iPods last year used them during a workout. Both companies define their core markets by lifestyle, (Kraft, 2006). Nikes target audience a sports culture and for Apples target audience it is the creativity culture. Both have come together to create a new profile, thus being the lifestyle and technology that has founded the partnership. The two huge gulls have come together to create a fusion brand that will attract massive attention.Coca-Cola Coca-Cola and iTunes teamed up to promote the release of a coke branded music website that had iTunes services integrated into the website. The website would be available across Europe and allow viewers to see the latest up and coming artists and to download podcasts from iTunes. Were wound up to announce this partnership with AppleTogether we are creating a unique and exciting platform that gives young people a voice and allows them to refresh their music experience every day. (Dominique Reiniche, president of Coca-Cola European Union Group, 2006) 70 million free songs would b e downloaded from iTunes in the promotion due to special codes printed on coke bottles. The strategic end was made by Coca-Cola to join with iTunes because of the failure of its own digital downloading website MyCokeMusic, which lost out to iTunes quite badly. The alliance means that Coca-Cola can sell music but it is only iPod compatible due to DRM repressing measures. network OperatorsApples strategy was potentially to play the network operators off each other to ensure they got the best fortune possible. Apple decided to go for the biggest operators in each of the countrys that they were supplying the phone in UK O2 France Orange Germany T-Mobile. O2 secured their deal by offering 40% of any revenues made from the iPhone and possibly more in commission and other areas. The tactics employed have left Apple highly unfavourable with other Network operators. (Wray, 2007)ComplementorsIt is the complementors who add the value to a company without there actually being agreements o r strict negotiations. Companies such as SonyBMG, EMI, Universal and Warner all benefit iTunes because obviously if it wasnt for these companies iTunes would not function as well as it does and would not generate anywhere near the amount of money that it currently does. Ultimately, Steve Jobs listened to the concerns that music companies had regarding illegal downloading, piracy etcetera He came up with the idea for iTunes and this was basically an external source for music companies to make money in the digital downloading industry with minimal effort. It wasnt strictly a way of how it would help Apple, but how it would help the music producers and the industry. Therefore the collaboration of iTunes with the big players in the music industry complemented each other.9. SWOT-AnalysesStrengths Apple is the clear market leader in the music downloadand steady financial performance. Revenues have grown from $5,742 million in 2002 to $19,315 million in 2006 and the companys net profit ha s increased from $65 million in 2002 to $1,989 million in 2006 (Datamonitor, 2007). unconstipated financial growth shows the good financial state of the company and builds the base for future growth and expansion. Also, the company has a very strong branding and enjoys a high level of brand recognition and brand awarness that allows the company to differentiate its offers and stimulate sales. Another strengths of the company is defined by its successful distribution of the iPod and its software iTunes. With every iPod sold, the consumer automaticaly installs iTunes on his pc, as it is only possible to download music from Apples original software to an iPod. Moreover, Apple procucts are being considered as hip, stylish and fashionable which is increasingly becoming important for consumers. Furthermore, Apple devices and software attract customers for their convinience, their ease of use and for always being up-to-date with the newest technology. Apple has also collaborated with larg e brand companies like Nike, Starbucks, CocaCola and Google,which has had beneficial impacts on both Apple and their partners and has created a new profile, e.g. linking sports and music culture.Weaknesses First off all there is to say that although the interconnection between the iPod/iPhone and iTunes has been a key factor to Apples success this limit could become a problem in the future, as more and more customers are looking for devices and online portals that allow them to download MP3s to any MP3 capable device. Moreover, Apple has only a very limited offer of DRM-Free tracks on iTunes, which can be defined as a strong weakness since an increasing number of customers find DRM-Free downloads. Another weakness for Apple lies in its pricing, especially for its iPhone. A Mintel research about the mobile phone market in the UK defined pricing and costs to be the most important factor when it comes to purchasing a phone (Mintel, 2007). Also, the iPhone currently doesnt allow the c ostumer to directly download files to the mobile, which, compared to the new Nokia N-Series, is a commodious weakness, since it could prevent customers to buy the Apple device and go for the Nokia handset instead. This could lead to a loss of Apples market share to its competitor Nokia. Also, technically, the iPhone isnt quiet as good as its competitor the Nokia N95, as it runs on a slower mobile information service and comes only with a 2 Megapixel photographic camera. Another weakness for Apple is, that theyve only chosen one operator in each country where the iPhone is available and thus has restricted the consumers choice of network operators.Threats The comanys biggest threat probably constitutes the entrance of Nokia into the digital download market. By providing the opportunity to directly download files to a handset device, Nokia could gain some of Apples a market share in the digital download market, since customers are increasingly fancying mobile downloads that dont re strict them to a bulky pc or laptop. The mobile download market is one of the most opportunity-rich markets the world has ever seen, as Nokias Chief Executive Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo states (Halper,2007), and if Apple doesnt catch up fast on this opportunity it is running risk to loose its superiour market position to Nokia. Another threat for Apple constitutes the launch of online portals that are specialized in marketing DRM-Free tracks. More and more customers are looking for music that doesnt restrict them to a certain number of copies or to a special device as it is the case with iTunes and the iPod. Although Apple is currently trying to improve its choice of DRM-Free tracks, it still lacks the greater choice and lower price of companies such as Amazon which could lead to custmers switching over from Apple to those in terms of DRM more convinincing sites. Also the threat of illegal download sites would have an negative impact, due to the availability of free digital content that c ould sway customers away from Apples iTunes.Opportunities Although currently especially the youth customer segment is seen as the major target group for downloading, as these customers seem to be less restrictive towards new technologies, providing more substantial and sophisticated products and services for older and wealthier people could proof very moneymaking for Apple. With the launch of its iPhone Apple has already done an important move into the mobile phone market that might allow the company to challenge its biggest threat Nokia on their home market. As more and more customers are increasingly becoming aware of innovative techologies and of the benefits arising out of Internet downloading Apple should now take advantage of the great opportunities arising from the fast growing mobile phone download market by making its services directly downloadable to its iPhone as its rival Nokia has already done. Also, the upcoming change in the digital download industry towards ad-suppo rted content could be an opportunity for Apple, if the company manages to strike advertising deals with companies that allow Apple to offer services for free to customers who agree to watching ads. This could bring a whole new bunch of customers to the company. Although these customers wont have to pay for the add-supported services, they will probably buy an iPod or an iPhone or another Apple hardware device.10. 1 About NokiaAlthough having its origins in the wood-pulp industry the finnish handset manufacturer Nokia has become a global leader in the manufacturing of mobiles and mobile networks and is now the market leader in the mobile phone market with 36% of the worlds market share. In 2006 the company sold 290 million units and therefore it sells more phones than its three nearest competitors combined. More recently the company has made a move into the mobile download market, which was considered by Nokias president and principal(prenominal) executive Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo to be one of the opportunity- rich markets of all time (Fildes, 2007), by launching its new multimedia online portal Ovi, which consists of the three components Nokia Music Store, N-Gage Service and Nokia Maps and acts as gateway for consumers to Nokia services. The company has done this as an resolution to the announcement of Apple that it would launch a new iphone and therefore enter the mobile phone market, which constitutes a serious threat to the finnish handset manufacturer in its home market. Nokia is now going from a purely hardware-driven company to the service sector and is becoming a player in the multimedia solutions market.10.2 Nokias Mission StatementNokia focuses on bringing people together by providing consumers with human technology that fulfills peoples need to clear and share. Nokia aims to provide technology that is intuitive, beautiful and a joy to use. The companys strategy relies on growing, transforming and building its business to ensure its future success and it sees the internet as its main quest, due to the continously changing communications industry with the internet at the center of this transformation. The companys vision is a world where everyone can be connected.10.3 Nokias new N-Series compared to Apples iPhoneNokia has launched its new N-Series which consists of the exclusively new N81 device and an upgrated version of its flagship N95. The N81 is a music-orienated handset which enabels the consumer to directly download songs from the Nokia Music Store to the mobile. This opportunity makes the handset superior to Apples new Iphone as consumers no longer rely on a PC or iPod but can directly download their files to the mobile. The N81 has a 8GB memory with the capacity to store 6000 music tracks, which is about the same as the new Iphone, and it uses a 3G connectivity. The Apple iPhone uses a slow mobile data service called EDGE and that makes it about four times slower than the N81. The new N81 will cost about EUR 360 and is t herefore slightly cheaper than the Apple iPhone which comes about EUR 399. The upgrated version of Nokias flagship N95 is being marketed as a multimedia device and could take on the highly praised iPhone. It comes with 8 GB of storage, a 2.8 inch screen and 3G connectivity and will feature a 5 Megapixel camera, which is a lot, compared to the rather dissapointing 2 Megapixel camera of the iPhone. The N95 costs about EUR 419 and is therefor sligthly more expensive than the iPhone. Technically the Nokia N-series appears to be better than the Apple iPhone since it offers a faster connectivity and a better camera but what makes it really superior to the iPhone is the fact, that the consumer can download files from the Nokia Music Store directly to the mobile. Still the highly anticipated iPhone looks more fashionable and its got the greater consumer attention since many costumers are already familiar with the Apple iPod and Apple iTunes and cant wait for the

The Concept Of Childrens Day

The Concept Of Childrens dayUniversally, Children s Day is nonable on 20th November, either year. This participation was chosen as a twenty-four hours to keep an eye on churlhood. Prior to 1959 Children s Day was universally sustaind in the month of October. This was first celebrated in the year 1954, as contumacious by the UN General throng. Basically this daylight was instituted with the sole aim of promoting communal exchange and understanding among children, as well as to bring rough beneficiary action to promote the welfargon of children, all everywhere the globe.The date 20th November, was chosen as it label the day of remembrance of the day in 1959, when the Declaration of the Rights of the Child was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly adopted. In 1989 the Convention on the Rights of the Child was signed on the comparable date, which has been sanctioned by 191 states, ever since.However, while 20th November is universally celebrated as Children s Day, in India this day has been preponed to 14th November, the date the marks the birth anniversary of independent India s first ancient see Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.The reason why his birthday has been chosen for the celebration of children is because of his hunch over and heating for children. Pandit Nehru is also regarded as the countrified s special child to soak up been the first Prime Minister, after her long struggle for independence.The day is attach with a lot of activities for children. But the incident remains that only a section of the country s children actually piddle an opportunity to celebrate their existence. Schools organize details and activities that their students thoroughly enjoy, hardly in that respect is an entire populace of youthful ones that are left ignored on this special day the d throwtrodden way children.Instead of celebrating it with pomposity in schools and clubs and hotels, why not bring a difference into the lives of children who are unpri vileged. While celebrating being a child, the fortunate ones should be reminded most their good fortune to have all that they are endow with, while there are former(a)s who can barely feed or clothe themselves.Thus, while this day was globally instituted to provide children with basic Rights, mayhap one can make a difference to a child s life by doing something special. Parties and celebrations happen all the time, but how close to taking the fortunate children to homes that shelter way children and have them befriend those kids, donating clothes, toys, stationery, books, etceteraAnother way of celebrating this day differently would be to have your children, whether as acquireer or parent, organize a party for some disadvantaged children. In fact, if this is done in every neighborhood, imagine how many smiles there will be across the nation.Childhood is about innocence and playfulness. It is about joy and freedom. Maybe on this day you can make your own child sign up to sponsor the education of an unprivileged child, either with an NGO dedicated to educating and providing better living conditions for street children, or perhaps you could do so for your employee s child.Celebrating Children s Day is about bountiful children the right to enjoy and nurture into healthy and educated citizens of the country, and if you can teach your child the value of sharing with others what they are lucky to have, then not only your child will grow into a responsible human beings being, but also another child who otherwise could have cease up being a delinquent, had it not been for your thoughtfulness.As mentioned earlier, Childrens day in India is celebrated on Pandit Nehrujis birthday as a day of childs play and frolic, a celebration of childhood, children and Nehrujis have sex for them. As a tribute to his love for children, Nehrujis birthday is celebrated all over India as CHILDRENS DAYChildren are the time to come citizens of the country. The future of the coun try depends upon the present children. If the children do not sprout in a proper way, the countrys future will be ruined. This was justifiedly realized by our late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. So, he advise the people to stop observing his birthday on the 14th November and to catch this day as the childrens Day. Since 1956 the 14th November is every year, notice in India as the Childrens Day.AdvantagesOn the Childrens day the neglecting people will get an opportunity to hypothesize of the future of their children. The whole society will think of its duty and tariff towards the children. They will think of what have been done for the children in the year ago and what should be done for them in the year coming. Because children are the future citizens of the country and the future of the country depends upon the present children. People will know that every individual in our society has a sacred duty towards the children.How this day is observedEvery year on the 14th Novem ber the Childrens Day is observed everywhere in our country. People gather in meetings to contend over the future of the children. They discuss over how to build children as the ideal citizens. They discuss about how to make the child healthy physically, mentally and morally. Because if the students be not properly built, the future of the country will be in ruin. So, they charge pledge not to neglect their children. The Childrens Day makes them realize that child is the tiro of man. On the Childrens Day, the children are habituated new garments and rich food. They are given picture books.ConclusionChildren are the future of our country. They are the future of our nation. So, every individual should realize the importance of the Childrens Day.Childrens day is celebrated in India on 14th november every year with a great celebrity. It is celebrated on the birthday of Jawaharlal Nehruji who loved and was loved by children. He was called as Chacha ji by children However, while 20th November is universally celebrated as Children s Day, in India this day has been preponed to 14th November, the date the marks the birth anniversary of independent India s first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.Childrens Day is an event celebrated on various days in many places approximately the world. International Childrens Day is celebrated on June 1 and Universal Childrens Day is on November 20.1Other countries celebrate a local childrens day on other dates.The reason why his birthday has been chosen for the celebration of children is because of his love and warmth for children. Pandit Nehru is also regarded as the country s special child to have been the first Prime Minister, after his long struggle for independence.The day is label with a lot of activities for children. But the fact remains that only a section of the country s children actually have an opportunity to celebrate their existence. Schools organize events and activities that their students thoroughly enjoy , but there is an entire populace of modern ones that are left ignored on this special day the downtrodden street children.As mentioned earlier, Childrens day in India is celebrated on Pandit Nehrujis birthday as a day of fun and frolic, a celebration of childhood, children and Nehrujis love for them. As a tribute to his love for children, Nehrujis birthday is celebrated all over India as CHILDRENS DAYHis great love for roses as well as children is a well-known fact. In fact he often compared the two, saying that children were worry the buds in a garden. They should be carefully and lovingly nurtured, as they were the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow. He felt that children are the real strength of a country and the very foundation of society. Most importantly he did not discriminate between the sexes and believed in giving equal opportunities to girls and boys. In fact his own little girl grew up to be the third Prime Minister of India.Quite naturally, he was the beloved of all the children who gave him the endearing divulge of Chacha Nehru. As a tribute to this great man and his genuine love for children, his birthday is celebrated all over India as UNIVERSAL CHILDRENS DAY. A day of fun and fanfare. It is not only a national holiday, but is celebrated with singing, dancing and storytelling in schools and colleges as well as on radio and television. Special functions are held to honour children all over the country.The consequence of Childrens DayBut amidst all this pomp and glory, we should not lose potful of Chacha Nehrus real message. That is providing our children with a safe and loving environment in which to grow as well as giving them ample and equal opportunities by which they can take great strides and contribute to the progress of the nation. This day serves as a reminder to each and every one of us, to renew our freight to the welfare of children and teach them to live by their Chacha Nehrus standards and example.

Concept of Nationality After Bolshevik Revolution

Concept of Nationality After Bolshevik RevolutionSERHAT KESKNBefore examining the policies well-nigh subject fieldity question after Bolshevik Revolution, the concepts that we have should be well established. As a pertlyly graduated sociologist, I seek to explain having identity, nation, national identity in briefly. The reason behind my explanations is providing cosmopolitan d throw the stairsstanding about kind inclusion and exclusion. Having understood these circumstances under nationality, we ass easily grasp Soviet Russian policies with hidden political theory while performing their plans. Although there are lots of academicians and theorist that get hold of in developing concepts of nationality, as a general term it is about sense of belonging in heaps bread and scarceter. Especi each(prenominal)y after WWI, the general zephyr about the need of belonging to one magnanimous group in determined territory with their packetd values and norms was getting more and m ore importance. It is like a way for unity of differences in administration at macro level. Nation is withal basic social tool to earthly concern for giving meaning to their social world. It is crucial to visualize how people theorized their environment, social organization and how they perceived the existing differences among them as well as the opposite groups. As I said before, the way of realizing differences in one large group empennage cause social exclusion while they includes ones who share the same historical background, language ,culture etc. In that sense, The Bolsheviks had lived difficulties for getting social solidarity, unity because of its multicultural nature. In addition to its multicultural nature, there were also huge differences between ethnic groups and amongst them in terms of their religion, educational level, life styles etc in effortless life that entails more attentions rather than condition of macrocosm multicultural in theoretical sense. In this context, Lenins idea everyplace non-Russian people is so critical. The promotion of the right field of nations to self determination is ab initio enough to non-Russian to come together and convince them to gather under good-looking umbrella. As a good continuation of this, unlike imperial states discriminations on nationalities, Lenins attitude directed equal opportunities in political relation. With providing this, the disparities in social life can also be overcome. Equality among all ethnic groups secure each cultural, language features preservation without coercion but via logic. It means getting rid of social exclusion that terror to continuation of Soviet regime.Designed to rise the proportion of the representatives of the native nationality in the topical anesthetic party and state management, the Soviet authorities followed the policy of indigenization, called as korenizatsiia. The Soviet regard indigenization as a method of fighting backwardness by constructing and as sociating these new Soviet folks with the hands of natives or to be called as the native elites. These elites were obliged to enlist as Communist party workers and were speculate to rise and develop the new lifestyle, particularly the recently approved national borders. Korenizatsiia, indigenization, led to the Soviet centers recent crisis of government among the non-Russians. The exercise of this policy in the time of displacing edgeed by industrialization increase the notability of non-Russian languages and cultures and established the essential social fundamentals for multiculturalism. The long term of permanent linguistic division was ensured by the foundation of multiple orb languages and establishment of social fundamentals of support for the languages. Although these policies were aimed to rise the role of non-Russian natives in socializing their nation, the direct source of stress between the local people and the Soviets was the assignment given to the citizens of Centr al Asia. By the mid-1930s, the liberal language policies and the indigenization assume lasted which helped to enlist the reinforcement of vast regions of non-Russian people for the party and the Communist regime. one and only(a) of the direct conclusions of the hardships assimilating the native people, The Central Asia Bureau shifted dramatically the indigenization policies in 1927. The emphasis was changed from working with and recruiting the ethnic people to hiring individuals who were able to speak the formalised language. Ethnic Russians and Europeans now a competition about native people, planning that they had sufficient linguistic skill. This change altered the purpose of the whole indigenization process from establishing a self-sustaining native Soviet government to simply creating a government which is a practical and well-functioning entity. From 1933 to 1938, the indigenization, korenizatsiia, was not exactly abolished. Its requirements were not obligate anymore. Eva cuation of leaderships of the national republics and territories began, as well. The non- Russians had provoked the national strife and check the Russians and the other(a) minorities in the republics. The local elites were the recruited agents and their aim was to dismember the Soviet Union. When the indigenization failed plainly to the Central Asian republics, the resentment of the Soviet regime spread widely. It was declare by Stalin that native nationalism was an even more hazardous threat than Russian chauvinism, against which the indigenization policies were aimed to fight at the beginning. All over the Soviet Union, the attempts to indigenize non-Russians community were withdrawn and changed with policies supporting Russian Soviet applications. All the other languages taught in schools were replaced with Russian, the local language, and the concentrated point altered from Republic eudaimonia to Union welfare. The stress was turned backward and the local nationalism was re garded as a larger threat. The needs for international alliance of proletarians were changed by the new incorporating ideology of soviet patriotism and by the leaders belief. Parelel to these explanations, we can easily say that Connor criticizes the hegemony of being Russian in ethnic group, politics and language as a communication medium. Although nationalities policies were changing over time, these inequalities cannot be eliminated totally. Changing strategies cannot be considered as curative.Finally, I give effort to get a line Slezkines analogy about Soviet Union. The writer describes Soviet Union as a communal flatbed. If we want to understand this depiction, we should aware of the right of self determination. In this communal apartment, all national groups have their own room. In their room , they have rights to determine their internal affairs. With their separated room, they can maintain their cultural characteristics. I give meaning this analogy from daily life that is micro perspective. Now imagine a big apartment and inside it people from different backgrounds. They design their own rooms harmonise to their taste. These preferences called tastes refer to their historical background, their lifestyles, educational level etc but the owner of this grammatical construction is not one of these. Now think all of micro discretion in macro perspective that I said before. The tastes can be thought as cultural maintainers in their determined area. Nonetheless, I lived difficulties to understand this analogy in its theoretical roots.

The Career Of Katherine Dunham Theatre Essay

The rush Of Katherine Dunham Theatre EssayKatherine Dunham modern saltationr and choreographer, born in Glen Ellyn, Illinois unite States of America, she were completed her study at the Chicago University and went on to earn a higher degree in anthropology. t everyy to Darlene, (2006) turn to the side of bounce she began her first school in Chicago in 1931, when she becoming move director for the works progress administrations project of Chicago theatre. A cheap performer, she was best known for her choreography in such musicals as confine in the sky 1940, and for action pictures, notably Stormy Weather 1943. fit to Barbara, (2000) Dunham study a simply the trip the light fantastic forms in the Caribbean, especially Haiti where she lived for many years, and is impute with bringing Caribbean and African determines to a European dominated move world. Her companionship trave direct globally in the 1940s-60s, and she consistently denied execute at unintegrated venues. c orrespond to Joyce, (2002) in 1967 she readyed the Performing Arts Training Center for inter-city jr. in East St Louis, IL, and in 1992 went on a 47-day appetite scoop up to protestation in resistance to the American banishment of Haitian refugees. Her honours degree incorporated the Presidential Medal of the Arts (1989) and the Albert Schweitzer Prize.IntroductionDunham is perhaps approximately well known, however, for her unique blending of anthropology and leaping. harmonize to Jessie, (2002) Dunham challenged mainstream academic circles by apply her anthropology not only for articles and books, but to a fault as a gas for her own artistic dance productions, which heavily drew on the dance forms and pagan rituals she witnessed and documented d championness total immersion in the cultures she observed. Dunham traveled the world with these productions, bringing African culture, through movements, cycles and sounds, to the worlds consciousness. This hybrid of anthropology and dance tardilyr on morphed into what is today known as the Dunham technique, a special type of dance training utilizing movements witnessed in her field work. gibe to Darlene, (2006) Dunham technique is today studied and practiced around the world. After Dunham retired from leaping, she moved to East St. Louis, a blighted, predominantly African-American city which she hoped to revitalize through establishing a vibrant heathenish center. Dunham established there an interactive museum and a dance institute (which continues to memorize her technique to students from around the world).Research objectivesDunham desired to experiences this academy the base of passable larger cultural institution that world bring the East St. Louis corporation with for each one different. Just as surely as Haiti is overcome through the character of vaudun the island possessed African American Katherine Dunham when she first went there in the year of 1936 for the purpose of study dance and ri tual. consort to Joyce, (2002) in her book, Dunham discloses how her anthropological question, her work in dance, and her fasci body politic for the people and cults of Haiti worked their trance, catapulting her into experiences that she was often lucky to suffer had. According to Richard and Joe, (2008) Dunham explain how the island came to be possessed by the deities of voodoo and other African religions, as well as by the deep yr distributions, beginicularly within mulattos and blacks, and the political strife remain enough in evidence at present. Full of fl ar and suspense, Island Possessed is also a pioneering work in the anthropology of dance and a captivating document on Haitian beliefs and politics.DiscussionThe book Island Possessed,details Ms. Dunhams experiences and sentiments of her adopted homeland, from the year 1936 to the late 1960s, and even describes her final initiation into the Vaudoun (Voodoo) religion of the half-island. According to Patrick, (2006) she sp eaks Haitian Creole fluently, she has owned a beautiful 18th century Haitian estate, hearthstone LeClerc for decades, and, in the early 1990s, she put her spirit on the line and went on an extended hunger strike, when President Aristide was overthrown and forced to leave the country. According to Jane, (2007) Ms. Dunham also adopted a young girl from the French West Indies island of Martinique, sand in the 1950s, as further demonstration of her love and commitment to the Diaspora.Introduced to playing fieldOne of those baby-sitters, Clara Dunham, had come to Chicago with her daughter, Irene, hoping to break into show business. They and other unpaid performers began rehearsing a musical/ theatrical performance program in the basement of their flat building, and Dunham would watch. Although the program wasnt a success, it provided Dunham with her first taste of show business. According to Darlene, (2006) Dunham and her associate were very fond of their Aunt Lulu. However, becaus e she was experiencing financial difficulties, a judge granted temporary custody of the children to their half-sister Fanny June Weir, and ordered that the children be returned to their father as soon as he could prove that he could take mission of them.Katherine DunhamKatherine Dunham was born June 22, 1909, in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, in DuPage County, and died May 21, 2006 in New York City. Although one of the most(prenominal) important artists (and scholars) of her time, she the Great Compromiser largely unknown outside move and African-American studies. According to Darlene, (2006) Sara E. Johnson supposed that the breadth of Dunhams accomplishments is perhaps one score for the underappreciation of her work. Dunham worked so hard on so many different things that she remains hard to classify. She almost single-handedly created a genuine artistic and cultural appreciation for the unique aspects of African dance, especially as manifested in African diaspora cultures. According to Joyce, (2002) Dunham was also a serious anthropologist that began her c beer with ground-breaking studies carried out in Jamaica and Haiti as a student at the University of Chicago. Finally, she was a tireless advocate, who led to a brief arrest during race riots in East St. Louis and a 47 day hunger-strike carried out at the age of 82 against US discrimination against Haitian refugees.Dunhams Artistic Academic BackgroundThis process was, in fact, a remaking of memory through motion. As Hamera reinforces, the practice of he complaisant work of aesthetics is especially communal and corporeal, and where corporeality and sociality are remade as surely as formal event is produced. According to Jessie, (2002) in this sense, Afro-Caribbean culture and sociality voyaged across the Atlantic to the rest of the Americas, Europe, and Asian-wherever the Katherine Dunham Dance Company performed. According to Ruth, (2009) Dunhams Research-to-Performance Method Armed with these researched da nces of the black Atlantic and an reasonableness of their Functional social contexts, Dunhams dance theater became a prime laboratory where Afro- Caribbean cultures could migrate through the transaction of her choreography and through the personalities of her individual dancers in the act of performing the Dunham oeuvre.Uncovering Danced MemoryKatherine Dunhams earliest written ethnography provides ample create of her prescience as a fieldworker and scholar in uncovering an superannuated African dance surviving in the Caribbean on the island of Jamaica. According to Joyce, (2002) in her fieldwork puted in Journey to Accompong, she utilized a functionalist theoretical signifier by recording the various social institutions in relationship to each other in the village of Accompong. Kinship, ownership patterns, religion, work group organizations, habilitate and material culture, age, gender (unusual for her time), and social interaction were the sequential subject matters of he r chapters. Yet, as she reveals, she had come there to study and take part in the dances. According to Naima, (2001) Accompong was and is one of the desolate villages in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, having been established by run-a-away slaves from the Spanish as early as 1650 and posterior the English rulers in the 1690s of these maroons the Coromantees, an Akan group from the West African G antiquated Coast made up the largest ethnical group. They fought many battles with the British and were finally given their independence by England in a treaty signed in 1738. Thus, as a nation within a nation, the maroons of the cockpit region of the Blue Mountains had sufficiently maintained their ship canal of life for two centuries by the time that Katherine Dunham had arrived to study their dances and ways of life. imprisonment and colonialism had taken its toll even among those so long unaffectionate from European influence. But Dunham was determined to unearth a vital expressive pa rt of their successful victory and independence against the British. She would soon discover this same phenomenon among the petwo dances among the Vodou practitioners in Haiti against their French captors. Through her intense engagement of the participatory insider role with the dancing maroons, she gained historical insights that were embedded within the dancing act itself According to Richard and Joe, (2008) The state of struggle dances are danced by men and women. Their songs are in lusty Koromantee, and from somewhere a woman has procured a rattle and shakes this in accompaniment to Ba Weeyums. Some of the men turn over sticks in the air, and the women tear off their handkerchiefs and wave them on high as they dance. According to Patrick, (2006) few of these turns, and we are separated in a melee of leaping, shouting warriors a moment later we are bush fighting, crouching down and advancing in line to coming an imaginary enemy with many feints, swerves and much pantomime. At one confront of the dance Miss May and I are face to face, she no longer is a duppy, but a maroon woman of old days, working the men up to a pitch where they will decide into the cockpit and exterminate one of his majestys red-coated platoons.Afro -Jamaican dances, such as the Coromantee war dance, represent in a direct way the concept of dance itself as having rhetorical voice. As Judith Hamera explains, performance, including dance, is enmeshed in language, in reading, writing, rhetoric, and in voice. Dunham implicitly understood the movement rhetoric of the Coromantee dance and the relationship between its performance and the writing of her ethnographic experience in Jamaica. According to Richard and Joe, (2008) Dunhams willingness to engage the maroon dances on the cultures own terms, treating dance as another social system, allowed her a unique view into the role of the nearly forgotten Koromantee dance as a part of the maroons hard won battle for independence from the Briti sh. According to Joyce, (2002) this is a prime example of dances unique rhetorical voice-what dance anthropologist Yvonne Daniel calls bodied knowledge Community members are in an open classroom with dance and music behavior.These sorts of knowledges are on display as community management for social cohesion and cosmic balance, Participants learn from observation, witnessing, modeling and active participation. According to Ira and Faye, (2009) Dunhams implicit understanding of this embodied knowledge established her philosophic foundation that would serve her use of dance and the body, according to Clark, as a repository of memory. Moreover, she trusted her choreographic acumen to represent her understanding of her research, which in the Jamaican case, had been unearthed and cajoled from the continuing, yet reluctant, milieux de mmoire lingering in Accompong.According to Richard and Joe, (2008) in her active participation, Dunham was, thus, one of the first to demonstrate the con tinuity of particularised West African dances that served enslaved Africans with similar purposes in the colonial New World. It is solid that this discovery was cognized in the act of dancing, through corporeal immersion in the communal dances of the people. We realize from todays contemporary scholarship the importance of Dunhams early trans-Atlantic performance connections. According to Joyce, (2002) Africanist anthropologist Margaret Drewal revealed in the 1990s that African-based performance. Primary site for the production of knowledge, where philosophy is enacted, and where tenfold and often simultaneous discourses are employed. As I cause said elsewhere, dance, for African peoples, whether on the continent or in the diaspora, is a means of enacting immediate social context, history, and indeed philosophical worldview. Dunham understood these multiple strategies embedded within Africanist performance, such as in her treasured Koromantee war dance.Honouring Katherine Dunha m as the progenitor of African American dance would be take and disrespect the legacy of other African Americans who contributed their own particular ways of knowing movement. According to Jane, (2007) it introduced Bannerman to Pearl Primus. Both Dunham and Primus were pioneering giants in the American dance pantheon with different ways of making dance. Since the create by mental act was ultimately going to tittle-tattle on the dance practices of African Americans, these two pioneers had to be discussed. According to Ruth, (2009) stack away life stories and reflections on movement and descriptions of individual interactions with works of Dunham and Primus would speak of the form that is American dance making than the celebration of any one artist.Dunhams represent Caribbean Dances of the Black AtlanticDunham perceived her form of dance-theater as intercultural communication. For example, when international audiences viewed her 1948 ballet Naningo, she was allowing non-Cubans to interact with one of the ritualized ways in which male Afro-Cubans had retained their cosmogenic confidential rituals perpetuated from the Ejagham people of todays Cross-River area of Nigeria. According to Jessie, (2002) Naningo, as an all-male ballet was a fusion of balletic athleticism, Dunham technique (particularly rhythmic torso isolations and the use of the pelvic arch as the source for extending the legs), and a recontextualization of the movements of the Cuban male secret company called Abakua. Through program notes, the exuberant virtuosity of the dance, and the cryptic Abakua symbolic movements, she transported European audiences to secret enclaves in Cuba that only initiated Abakua members could have previously viewed.She also cast one of her Cuban dancers in the role of a traditional Abakua figure that drums remote center throughout the entire ballet, as an authentic gaze observance over her appropriated fusion style. According to Barbara, (2000) as the curtain closes, after all the Dunham technique dancers have left, the ballet ends with that figure moving across the stage in enigmatic movement phrases representative of the symbolic language of the Abakua Cuban male society. Secret society rituals, restaged in a secular theatrical setting is not a substitute for being there, but it does move an underlying social strategy of male survivors of the Atlantic slave trade, as well as a vision of sacred danced symbolism in that survival strategy. According to Ruth, (2009) Dunham company performed Naningo for people internationally who had no judgement that the Abakua society even existed. In the adept hands of knowledgeable researchers standardized Katherine Dunham, performance becomes another mode of bridging the cultural gaps that make cross-cultural understanding such a difficult goal to reach.ConclusionIn conclusion, life of the Dunham and career are miraculous, and although she was not alone, Dunham is perhaps the best known and most in fluential pioneer of black dance. She wanted to make a heyday that African-American and African-Caribbean styles are related and powerful components of dance in America. Performed imagined migration is underpinned by her specific artistic intent and projected audience reception. There are many ways to present dance on radio but a visual image is preferable if the discussion concerns elements of a form. The design makers can then include descriptions of how the shaping of arms and legs display rhythm or portray expression and how contours of the torso fulfill the dancers intended personification. intercommunicate though is an excellent tool to stir the minds eye especially if the oral communication relate life stories and movement experiences in a descriptive way. Bannerman contacted me to research and be the presenter for the 45-minute programme You Dance Because You Have To aired on 21 September 2003. Interested in emerging American dance forms producer, Richard Bannerman submi tted a proposal to BBC Radio 3 to make a documentary film on Katherine Dunham. Bannerman knew Radio 3 wanted to explore new territories in dance and Katherine Dunhams story was relatively unknown in Britain. Bannerman also found the repertory of The Alvin Ailey Dance Company inspiring and speculated that Katherine Dunhams life would be a good starting point to discuss in a habitual way, the dance practices of African Americans. In our preliminary meeting it became clear to me that our programme had to respect the diversity of African American practices.

The Enlightenment And The Development Of Scientific Method Philosophy Essay

The judiciousness And The Development Of scientific regularity Philosophy EssayAfter Greek Civilization happened approximately 500 B.C., Sophists asserted that human race should be aware of themselves and nature as Protagoras declare (Feibleman, 1995). The early philosophic thinking influenced the counselling passel tacit and gained the intimacy. The scientific Revolution, which began in 17th century and associated with some familiar names like Isaac Isaac Newton (1643-1727), Galileo Galileo (1564-1642), had a huge come to on cut of science and progress of human companionship. Most scientific philosophers in that stream believed that reason was the key to a correct regularity, and the model of reason was mathematics. (Hankins 2003, p. 2) beforehand the promised land, people believed the companionship, tout ensemble intellectuals and essential world were creations of Gods testament, but during the pre-modern period people started to challenge those thoughts exist ed since 16th century.The discretion was a period when the reason was regarded as the way leading to dead on target knowledge and several new concepts emerged did had a huge impact on development of scientific system. In 2003, Hankins describe that the Enlightenment was not a fixed set of beliefs but a way of thinking, a critical approach that was supposed to open the way for constructive thought and action. (Hankins 2003, p. 2)The aim of this report is trying to describe and responsibility the immensity of Enlightenment in the development of the scientific system of inquiry. The Enlightenment not only provided scientific disciplines, but similarly had huge impact on latter development of scientific system.Part 1 prestigious Philosophers and Scientific modeInfluential Philosophersthither were dickens major early modern thoughts emerged during the period of the Enlightenment the Empiricism associated with Francis Bacon (1561-1626), John Locke (1632-1704) etc. and the rati onalism associated with Ren Descartes (1596-1650) etc.The Empiricism refers to an argument asserted knowledge should be gained from sentience experience and it alike underscored on several aspects of scientific knowledge related to evidence. Francis Bacons writings The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organon indicated a clearly features of scientific thinking accessing to the verity should base on observation (Smith, 2003) And he also argued that the key activity of science as one of demystifying existing assumed and irrational interpretations of the world around us (Smith 2003, p. 48) The powerful argument explained us that empirical observation is the way we should start from to gain real knowledge and up to this focalise he is believem as the Father of data-based Philosophy (Lewes 1867, p. 119) John Locke who developed Bacons root and pursued that the method acting of getting knowledge was to be based on in terms of common whiz experience. But how can we separate th e knowledge gained only by sense experience and the substantive knowledge? On this point Locke developed Bacons idea and to some extent had impact on Metaphysics by dividing propositions into analytic/ celluloid distinction (Smith 2003, p. 60).The Rationalism which associated with Ren Descartes refers to a set of argument asserting knowledge result from logical and deductive human cogitate. Descartes made marked character on the development of mathematics to discover the application of Algebra to Geometry. And his system indicated that ken being the only ground of certitude, mathematics the only method of certitude. (Lewes 1867, p.145)Scientific systemThere was only one the Enlightenment in human history, but there were several steps of construction of science and its method. There is undoubted that the Enlightenment was influenced by various philosophical thoughts, so to understand the relation back mingled with ism and science and scientific method should be the first of a ll step as to gain main target explaining the importance of the Enlightenment on development of scientific method.1.jpgFigure 1 Perspective on the place and role of scientific methodGauch, G. H. (2003) Scientific Method in Practice. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Online Image available from http// throws.google.co.uk/books?id=iVkugqNG9dACprintsec=frontcoverdq=scientific+methodlr=hl=zh-CNsource=gbs_similarbooks_scad=1v=onepageq=f=trueFigure 1 gave a clear explanation of relation between philosophy, philosophy of science and scientific method. It is obvious to find that philosophy is grounded by common sense. Philosophy of science is the foundation of scientific method which supports scientific specialties and technology. Lewes provided a good definition of philosophy philosophy attempts to explain the phenomena of the universe. (Lewes 1867, p. xix) The relationship between philosophy and science can be depict as following statement science is the systematization of different generalities achieved jibe to particulars, and philosophy is the systematization of the generalities of generalities (Losee, 1980). So we could assert that each science associated with philosophy will be the co-ordination of its highest truths.(e. g. philosophy of science) (Lewes 1867, p. xix)The scientific method would be an essential and important tool access to revealing the truth through application of two patterns of reasoning which they are Deduction and Induction. As Toraldo di Francia stated in Gowers book in 1997 that a scientific method cannot adequately be discussed if it is dissever from the science to which it applies. (Gower 1997, p. 6-7) The scientific method used in each particularized science step by step evolved as what science did. But the period of the Enlightenment had a significant impact on the development of scientific method of inquiry.Part 2 The significance of the Enlightenment in the development of the scientific method of inquiryRosenberg argued sci ence did not really spring up independently elsewhere before or after its emergence among the Greeks 2500 geezerhood ago (Rosenberg 2000, p. 14). In ancient science, most thinkers never confronted with reality because they believed those findings were all self-disclosed and self sustained. Aristotle the first philosopher of science (Losee 1980, p. 6) may be truly styled the overprotect of the Inductive Philosophy and announce with a completeness and precision not surpassed by Bacon himself. (Lewes 1867, p. 285) Also as Lewes (1867) stated that Aristotle was the first who arranged speculative questions of break between objective lensive and subjective conceptions of phenomena, and suggested the research. By holding the contrast judgement on Plato, Aristotle searched his basis in sensory perception. His inductive deductive method gave a view of scientific inquiry that started from observation to explanatory principles by using induction and went back to observation by using ev idence (Losee, 1980).CDocuments and SettingsSophiearistotel.jpgFigure 2 Aristotles inductive deductive mathematical functionLosee, J. (1980) A Historical unveiling to the Philosophy of Science. Oxford Oxford University Press.Whether we accept it or not, the ancient scientific thoughts were the foundation of the methodology in pre-modern period. Francis Bacon an empiricist in the Enlightenment and Descartes are regarded as the Fathers of Modern Philosophy as Lewes stated (Lewes, 1867). He published a well-known literary Novum Organum in 1620 asserted a new scientific method and replace previous Aristotles methodology as Losee (1980) stated. As Bacon say all merely logical explanations are valueless (Lewes 1867, p. li), up to this point experience and induction were his reliance. Nevertheless Alexandre Koyr and E. J. Dijksterhuis in Losees book (1980) argued that Bacon regarded as an trailblazer achieved nothing in science, and his critical opinion an inductive-experimental meth od was not exquisite and original one comparing with Aristotelian method. On the contrary, John Herschel declared in Losees book (1980) that the task executed by Francis Bacon substituted in Aristotles method was stronger and better.CDocuments and SettingsSophie1.jpgFigure 3 Bacons Ladder of AxiomsLosee, J. (1980) A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Oxford Oxford University Press.As Figure 3 presented, Bacons new method explained scientific procedure should stress on three steps gradually, progressive inductions and a method of exclusion (Losee 1980, p. 64). And to some extent, Bacon agreed with Aristotles outline of scientific procedure that the progression in science should start from observations to general principles and back to observations. So Losee (1980) argued Bacon in 1620 also emphasized the inductive scientific procedure which should gradually develop from low gunpoint of generality to inclusive ones. Furthermore, Bacon (1620) demonstrated that nat ural and experimental histories should be the base of the pyramid. Bacon summarized Aristotles weakness of inductive deductive method that did not critically practice collected data and work without complete observations, and provided his own opinion of stressing on practical application of scientific knowledge, but Lewes (1867) argued Bacon failed in scientific research because he denied the value claimed for methodology.The inversion of Francis Bacons scientific procedure was announced by Ren Descartes. Descartes agreed with Bacons propositions of pyramid, but hold the antagonist opinion to state that the work to seek general laws should begin at the top of the pyramid and go downwards as far as possible by using a deductive procedure. And he also claimed that any idea which is both clearly and distinctly present to the intelligence must be true. (Losee 1980, p. 71) And Lewes (1867) argued that due to Descartes argument we could say the Deductive Method was finally and comple tely constructed.The impact of Enlightenment on scientific methodThe previous methodology in the Enlightenment provided a scientific and philosophical foundation of modern science, and directly impacted Galileo, Newton in their scientific method. Just as Smith (2003) argued that the scientific method provided by Bacon and Descartes launch the framework for modern scientific knowledge.Galileo who made observation of the surface of the solarise and four satellites of Jupiter promoted the Method of Resolution and the Method of Composition. He agreed with Bacons inductive method and Descartes deductive. Let me explain. Just like Losee (1980) said Galileos agreement of importance of physical abstraction and idealization extended the inductive techniques. In Method of Resolution, Galileo sampled a series of fluids from observed bodies and gave an extrapolation. Losee (1980) argued that this extrapolation was only based on an legitimate phenomenon, but no normal phenomena. And such ide alization method makes him emphasize on imagination on the process of scientific procedure. But on the other hand, he also processed deductive method. In the Method of Composition, Galileo suggested the rebate of consequences that hypothesize the maximum range is achieved at 45 degree (Losee 1980, p. 55). Ohear (1991) described Galileos method had a positive feature in deductive systematization.Newton directly disagreed with Descartes deductive method and supported an examination of phenomena according to peoples generalization. So Newton declared that Although the arguing from Experiments and Observations by Induction is no Demonstration of general Conclusion, yet it is the best way of arguing which the constitution of Things admits of. (Newton 1952, p. 404) But on the other hand, he also applied deductive method in famous Optical experiment. So Smith described that it was creative mix of precise observation and scientific detachment from ones object derived from Bacon and the as sumption of human consciousness as the source of knowledge derived from Descartes.(Smith 2003, p. 53) Lets see how Newton argued his compend and Synthesis Method and how it applied on scientific procedure.Newton affirmed Aristotles inductive-deductive procedure and opposed this as his Method of Analysis and Synthesis. In order to justify his thought, he agreed with Grosseteste and Roger Bacon in thirteenth century and Galileo and Francis Bacon in 17th century as Ohear (1991) described. His method to the full applied in his famous optical experiment, and find out cheerfulness is consisted of different colors. He used inductively argued that rays of sunlight have refractive feature, and then(prenominal) he used deductive to justify his hypothesis for further consequences of this theory. gum olibanum he was able introduce his laws of motion and gravitation.ConclusionThe debates between deduction and induction never stopped, but the Enlightenment was such a of the essence(p) perio d that found the most important argument that any truth and scientific knowledge cannot be achieved without a correct scientific method. And the publicity of those methods was encouraged by several different philosophical scientists with various backgrounds. The reasoning is such a process by using scientific method to investigate new knowledge and revise previous knowledge. If a theoretical reasoning bases on sense experience, the deductive reasoning is such a process may make the scientific conclusion more rock-steady and valid. Just like Gower said the reasoning they require is, in fact, deductive rather than inductive. No matter which method they would prefer, the significance of the Enlightenment is to establish thinking searching scientific methodology for each scientific course.