Media Formulation

Medium formulation is an essential stage in the design of fermentation member. Most fermentation media require liquid media, although nearly solid-substrate fermentations be besides operated. Fermentation media must satisfy tout ensemble the nutritionary requirements of the microorganisms and fulfill the technical objectives of the exhibit. There ar several stages where media are essential in a fermentation process inoculum (starter culture), propagation steps, pilot-scale fermentations and the principal(prenominal) carrefourion fermentations.harmonize to Cruger W and Cruger A (1990) on a swelled scale, the firsts of nutrients should be selected to create a long suit which should meet as many as many possible of the fol crusheding criteria i. It should produce the maximal recall of carrefour or biomass per gm of substrate use. ii. It should produce maximum concentration of product or biomass. iii. It should permit the maximum rate of product formation. iv. There shou ld be the minimum yield of undesired products. v. It should be of a consistent tone and be readily available throughout the year. vi.It should cause minimal problems during media homework and sterilization. vii. It should cause minimal problems in opposite aspects of the achievement process particularly aeration and agitation, extraction, purification and waste treatment. The initial step in media for media formulation is the trial run of the overall process on the stoichiometery for growth and product formation. The optimization of a medium should be carried out such that it meets as many as possible of the seven criteria. Different combinations and sequences of process conditions have to be investigated to visualise growth conditions (Stanbury P.F and Whitaker A 1995). Medium optimization buns be carried by the classical method, in which one independent variable is changed while belongings all others at a certain level. An aerobic fermentation process may be represented as Carbon and energy extension + Nitrogen opening + O2 + other requirements Biomass + products + CO2 + H2O + heat This earlier involves consideration of the input of the carbon and nitrogen sources, minerals and oxygen and their conversion to carrellphonephone biomass, metabolic products.Based on this information, it should be possible to calculate the minimum quantities of from each one element need to produce a certain quantity of biomass and metabolite According to Prasanthi V et al (2008) Chlorella vulgaris is a kelvin, spherical, single celled fresh water microalga belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta. As per the study conducted so far it is found that green algae are the highest source of chlorophyll in the plant world and particularly, Chlorella one of the members of green algae is the richest source of chlorophyll which is widely apply as a health food and feed supplement.The aim of this work is to design incompatible medium types to evaluate optimization combinations for maximum growth, morphology and pigment essence of C. vulgaris. Effect of glucose Three different volumes of glucose from apple juice while other variables are kept constant. The volumes that were used are 5g/l, 15g/l and 30g/l. The highest chlorophyll toil (12%) was obtained with a glucose concentration of 15g/l. Glucose is used as a carbon source which is required for all biosynthesis leading to reproduction, product formation and cell maintenance. It likewise serves as the energy source.Carbon requirements may be determined from the biomass yield coefficient (Y), an index of the efficiency of conversion of a substrate into the cellular real(a) Ycarbon (g/g) = biomass produced (g) __________________ Glucose substrate utilized (g) An increase in glucose concentration of 30g/l resulted in the production of chlorophyll being at a constant this is because all the active sites of the microorganism are occupied and active carrying out biochemical reactions. At low glucose concen tration of 5g/l very infinitesimal biomass (chlorophyll) is obtained and also there is low growth rate.Thus, glucose concentration signifi bedtly influences chlorophyll production and microbial growth of the microorganism. Constraints that can be generated include the fact that apple juice not only contains one type of sugar, glucose but also contains other sugars (fructose and sucrose) which the microorganism can either utilise for growth resulting in us not obtaining accurate optimization results and also the other sugars can inhibit the growth of the microorganism. Apple juice also contains soluble pectin these can be difficult to digest hence a reduction in biomass.Effect of nitrogen from defatted soya Nitrogen being serious constituent of the cell protein was needed for algal growth, either in combined or in molecular form. It is also a divisor of proteins nucleic acids some co-enzymes. Industrially important microorganisms can utilize both inorganic and organic nitrogen sou rces. inorganic nitrogen may be supplied as ammonium ion salts, often ammonium sulphate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, or ammonia water these can be used in place of defatted soya. ammonia water can also be used to adjust the pH of the fermentation.As nitrogen wish develops the amount of chlorophyll in the cells decreases faster than the nitrogen content in C. vulgaris. Nitrogen is a hold ingredient if continually increased it can inhibit the production of chlorophyll. alter concentrations of nitrogen were used i. e 0. 3g/l, 0,6g/l and 2. 0g/l. At 0. 3g/l little chlorophyll is obtained this is due to the fact that nitrogen being a macronutrient it is required in high concentration. At 0. 6g/l high yields of chlorophyll are obtained and at 2. 0g/l nitrogen turns to be a limiting factor and can lead to culture toxicity.Constraints can be generated when using Ammonia as a substitute for defatted soya this is due to the fact that ammonia leads to high pH which results in a prec ipitate formation in the medium but lower pH of the medium prevent the precipitation. form bubbles in a microbiological process is due to media proteins that become attached to the mail-broth port wine where they denature to form stable foam. Non-treatment of foam may block air filters, resulting in loss of aseptic conditions. The foam production can be controlled by addition of chemical antifoam. Natural antifoams include plant oils (e. g.Soya, helianthus and rapeseed), hence defatted soya is used as a nitrogen source rather than ammonia. Also high concentrations of ammonium ions can be toxic to cells of the microbe. Effect of Mg2+ MgSO4 can be used as the source of magnesium. It promotes the maximum growth of the present alga and it is also incorporated as an enzyme co-factor component of chlorophyll. Three salt concentrations were used 0. 1g/l 0. 5g/l and 1g/l. At low salt concentration of 0. 1g/l it results in a magnesium deficiency which interrupted cell division in Chlorel la which results in abnormally large cell formation. Increase in salt concentration of 0. g/l and 1g/l of magnesium alone in the medium resulted in high cell number, although increase in nitrogen alone did not defecate much difference that means cells need magnesium to synthesize chlorophyll. The process of multiplication requires a larger concentration of magnesium in the medium than does the production of cell material. Iron uptake is strictly required to optimise the process. References 1). Crueger W and Crueger A. 1990. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Oxford. Panima Publishing Corporation. 2). Stansbury P. F and Whitaker A . 1995. Principles of fermentation technology. New York. Pergamon Press. 3).Prasanthi V, Yugandhar M. N, Vuddaraju S. P, Nalla K. K, Raju C. A. I and Donthireddy S. R. R. Optimization of the fermentation media using statistical approach and artificial neural networks for the production of chlorophyll by Chlorella vulgaris. external Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences. 2008. 2 (3) 51-56 CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NAME Ngara Tanyaradzwa R REG NUMBER C1110934J COURSE Process Optimization and Production COURSE law CUBT 208 PROGRAM BSBIO Level 22 Assignment 1 reader Dr Zvidzai