Observation Of A Learner s Knowledge - 2376 Words

Observation Observation is one of the primary assessments which will be used often, as you should be observing the learners’ at all times ensuring that learning is taking place. You need to be observant of body language or actions such as raised hands in case a learner has missed something or has a question to ask. You also need to be observant to any hazards within your learning environment such as obstacles on the floor that may cause an accident. Questions Both written and oral are another good way of assessment, which are used regularly. Oral questions are a good way to engage with your learners’ plus get discussions going which can assist with gaining current knowledge depth of your learners. Written questions are good in a learning environment as a learner can express their selves in written form that can lead to deeper thoughts being captured. Written questions can be used in an exam to test a learner’s knowledge. Past Experience and Achievements You can use past experience and achievements as a starting point for assessment. If you have a learner who may have worked or studied in the area that you are teaching, you can assess that experience, then decide where to start on the subject for future assessment. Electronic Assessments Electronic assessments are a good way to check learners’ ability whilst using equipment like computers and software. You can use technology to do online tasks plus tests to assess students’ work. Electronic assessments are beneficialShow MoreRelatedAdult Learning Is The Acquisition Of Knowledge By Adults1396 Words   |  6 Pages Webster University HRDV 5610 Midterm Paper Muzhda Rasool 05-01-2016 Adult learning is the acquisition of knowledge by adults. Theories on adult learning have been discoursed and analyzed thoroughly by different people, with the aim of trying to define it and optimize it. The two articles I have read describe adult learning, discuss its characteristics and explain various approaches and means of optimization of this subject. Abstract 1 Basically, this article by Malcolm Knowles is aRead MoreOpen Learner Model As A Tool For Self Regulated Learning1603 Words   |  7 PagesOpen Learner Model as a Tool for Self-regulated Learning Research Question An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) is a computer-assisted instructional system designed using artificial intelligence to simulate a human tutor and customize instruction. Traditionally ITS had a three-component architecture: domain model, student model, and tutoring model (Self, 1990). Later, a fourth component, user interface, was added, and now ITS is commonly known to have a four-component architecture. Domain modelRead MoreLiteracy Instruction Data Collection Tool Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesInstruction Data Collection Tool This lesson observation data tool is for the observation and support of literacy instruction and learning. Any data collected is to be used for instructional planning, modification, and/or reflection upon instructional practices. Data collected is based upon observation of a single literacy lesson. Teacher: _________________________________ Date: _________________________________ Instructional Objective(s): 1. EvidencedRead MoreTypes of assessment1404 Words   |  6 Pages What is meant by assessment? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the assessment types and methods you use? How would you involve your learner into the assessment process? Why do we need to keep records of assessment? Assessments are a critical part of the education system; highlighted by Black and Wiliams’(1998) who define assessments as activities providing â€Å"information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged†. There are two formsRead MorePsychology and Young People Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pages| Pass Refer | Learner signature: | | Date: | | Assessor signature: | | Date: | | Internal Verifier signature: | | Date: | | External Verifier signature: | | Date: | | Assessment Plan 304 Promote children and young people’s positive behaviour Learner name: | Assessment Method(s) Used | | Observation: | | Assignments: | | Assessor name: | Work product: | | Witness Testimony: | | | Questions:Read MoreApplying Learning Theories Of Learning1469 Words   |  6 PagesPSY 331 Catherine Vivi Ashford University Instructor: Steven Peters February 9, 2015 â€Æ' Applying Learning Theory to Life Epistemology, or in other words, the theory of knowledge, is the study of knowledge, what it is, how we acquire it, and our justifiable beliefs that are included in that study. Generally, the study of knowledge is done through a philosophical method. There are four basic theories of learning; those are behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism; this paper will addressRead MoreMartin Kolb s Theory Of Learning856 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican theorist David Kolb developed his concept of learning in 1984. He created a cycle containing four key stages: Concrete Experience, Reflective Observation, Abstract Conceptualism and Active Experimentation. He believed â€Å"Learning is the process whereby knowledge is create through experience† [Kolb, D. (1984)], therefore accepting that you must learn from your mistakes and progress in order to acquire full understanding of what you are studying. The first stage - ‘Concrete Experience’, is generallyRead MoreSynthesis Of Learning Theories Of Teaching1356 Words   |  6 Pageslearning is crucial to keep adults able to function and evolve in the world. Being self-directed learners, adults need an environment that engages and challenges them to learn. Discovering how an adult learns and what motivates them is an integral part to successfully teaching adult learners. Desire is the most important factor in adult learning. Having personal goals, a thrist for knowledge and a reward for one’s accomplishments, helps adult students be motivated to learn. Although thereRead MoreThe Case For Gritty, Growing Students1374 Words   |  6 Pageshelpless to develop, let alone initiate. The ideas about learning, intelligence and talent are challenged by prominent psychologists and education scholars Angela Lee Duckworth, Assistant Professor of Psychology at University of Pennsylvania and Carol S. Dweck, Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. Both debunk popular myths about concepts of learning, intelligence and talent. Notably, both focus on effort and growth as critical components in learning and success notRead MoreEnglish Classroom Observation Report1549 Words   |  7 PagesThis section of the project is divided in three areas: ï  ¶ General considerations: I have drawn my empirical data from the observations carried out in a Kindergarten I have been observing since March. Regarding the English teacher, she has utter freedom in what and how to teach. Nevertheless, she tries to plan the lessons with the main teacher to try to present the learners similar vocabulary in Spanish and in English. The aim of the institution is that students can approach to English in a friendly

The History of Capital Punishment as a Deterrent to Crime...

In today’s day and age, many people have had high minded and ordained question concerning capital punishment, or the death penalty. Through the passing of time, our society castigates transgressors with the death penalty. Many nations through time have decided to enact this harsh treatment. In the United States alone, the federal government has persevered to reinforce people to death (Marzillo 10). According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, â€Å"Capital Punishment is the execution of a person by judicial process as a punishment for an offense.† Over the centuries capital punishment has been one of the most controversial debates in our society. The decapitation of criminals and domestic opponents has been used by many of our societies. The purpose†¦show more content†¦According to the Old Testament, such crimes that had to be sentenced to death were crimes like murder, (Exo.21:12) false witness in a capital crime, (Deu. 19:16-20) speaking a curse over your parents (E xo. 21:17), blasphemy (Levi. 24:16), bestiality (Levi.20:15), adultery and fornication (Levi 20: 10), and women having intercourse before marriage (Deut. 22:25), As we see in the book of Leviticus, Exodus, and Numbers, the death penalty was done by stoning, burning, sword or spear and arrow. We clearly see that capital punishment was used indirectly. For example in the book of Genesis were God brought the floods, this was done because so much sin was around the world and to deter it from growing and getting worse, God flooded the whole earth. With the exception of the survivors in the ark, also known as the people who believed in God, everything and everyone were destroyed. Another example we see in the bible was the destroying of Sodom and Gomorrah, again a consequence of sin, the killing of the Egyptians in the book of Exodus, when crossing the Red Sea, another form of possible deterrence. Although all of these are examples of capital punishment the intention of God was not to be me mean or deprive us but that he valued mankind and creation and everlasting moral principles very highly. But one of the worst acts of capital punishment we see in the bible was the crucifixion of Jesus, who was an innocent victim of the death penalty. Although beingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ethical and Historical Analysis of Capital Punishment1545 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment â€Å"[dates] as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified [Capital Punishment] for 25 different crimes,† so it is no surprise that it is still used today (â€Å"Early Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). In the U.S, Capital Punishment has been legalized in 32 states since 1996. Capital Punishment is not as inhumane as it sounds; it is limited under the 8th amendment in the U.S. Contrary to most beliefs, Capital Punishment is not used on every case of rapistsRead MoreConstitutionality of the Death Penalty1485 Words   |  6 Pagesis it that a per son committing such a heinous crime could receive life in prison when another person committing an equal offence might receive capital punishment? Is it right for the United States to operate a system such as capital punishment? Does that follow the guidelines set out by our constitution or does it contradict? What would the forefathers of this nation say about the death penalty? Is the death penalty a form of cruel and unusual punishment? America has established themselves as somewhatRead More Capital Punishment Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesdecades --- capital punishment. In society today, many people are murdered every day by the hands of another human being. Those who are for capital punishment promote that it is a deterrent for crime, provides closure, and is a moral punishment for those who choose to take a human life. Those not in favor of it argue that it is an ineffective crime deterrent, sends the wrong message, and is more expensive than sentencing a murderer to life in prison. When those who commit these heinous crimes are foundRead MoreThe Abolition of Capital Punishment in Australia1014 Words   |  5 Pagesof capital punishment in Australia in 1973 imprisonment has been the only option as a sanction for murder. A survey conducted in 2009 demonstrated that a clear majority of Australians (64%) believed that imprisonment should be the punishment for murder as opposed to 23% stating the death penalty should be used and 13% did not wish to comment. The death penalty is not an effective punishment for all cases and there has not been any solid evidence stating that it is a more effective deterrent thanRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment Does capital punishment have a role in civilized society? No I don t think it does for two reasons for firstly because if you regard the taking of a human life by somebody the crime of murder is so serious as it is the idea that you can kill somebody yourself I think that is just completely wrong. Due to that we will strive to make the criminal justice system as accurate as possible to make sure that the person who is convicted pulse is really the guilty person on time sometimesRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States961 Words   |  4 Pages Capital Punishment in the United States For centuries, capital punishment has been used as a consequence of capital crime. Criminals who have committed such crimes are subject to facing the death penalty. Pickens shares, â€Å"Capital crimes are considered to be treason or terrorist attacks against the government, crimes against property when life is threatened, and crimes against a person that may include murder, assault, and robbery.†Read MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1443 Words   |  6 Pages 6 Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished in the United States? Adalynne Francis CRJU 1000 Dr. Huss November 14, 14 Should capital punishment/ death penalty be abolished in the United States? Many feel that the death penalty is immoral and question whether the state and federal government deserve the right to kill those whom it has imprisoned. On the other hand, those opposed feel that by not acting upon the death penalty communities would plunge in anarchy and that byRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment1483 Words   |  6 Pages Capital Punishment Capital punishment is a very controversial subject in today’s world. People should think about what will happen to them if they commit a crime, and the consequences that will follow the crime. Society has enough problems to deal with without people committing crimes, Therefore capital punishment is desperately needed. Above all else, it costs too much of hard working taxpayers’ dollars to send someone to prison. It costs a large amount of money each year to keep a person inRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Deterrence For Crime1570 Words   |  7 Pagesheinous crime on another victim. To this day, capital punishment is a subject undergoing intense study, and is a hot topic of controversy. It is a challenging debate with many different viewpoints. Many people are pro death penalty, while others are quite against it, and there are others with amphibological feelings towards the subject. One of the many different questions that originate when the topic of the death penalty arises is if capital punishment is deterrence for crime. Capital punishment stirsRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Legal?1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthan ever. Although some people think capital punishment, just like death penalty, is a inhuman act which against human s rights for life and it is too cruel to give the criminal s another chance to live a new life. I suppose capital punishment is still an effective way to deter violent criminals, because it can give comfort to the victims and their families. Also, death penalty gives citizens the right message, that is, punishment is proportionate to crimes. And from economically speaking, it saves

Essay on Fossil Fuels and Alternative Energy Sources

Fossil fuels are an important part of life. When you turn on the lights, watch TV, or take a shower, the electricity that you are using is being generated by fossil fuels. The three types of fossil fuels are coal, crude oil, and natural gas. They all take millions of years to form, so they are considered to be â€Å"non-renewable†- eventually, the fossil fuels will all be used up. One dangerous biological effect of using fossil fuels is ocean acidification. Extracting and transporting fossil fuels can also be very dangerous. Environmentally damaging accidents such as groundwater contamination, land subsidence, and oil spills occur frequently. Global warming is another possible environmental effect. Fossil fuels have a crucial role in modern†¦show more content†¦Lignite is the softest coal. Further compression and aging caused the lignite coal to change into bituminous coal. Bituminous is a soft, black, brittle material that is extremely flammable and produces a lot of ash and sulfur when burned. This is the type of coal that is mined in the Appalachian Mountains, Great Plains, and the Colorado Plateau. Heat and pressure then turn bituminous into anthracite. Anthracite is the final stage of coal, and is composed almost entirely of carbon. Lignite and bituminous coal are sedimentary, while anthracite is metamorphic. Anthracite is only found where pressure and heat were very great. It doesn’t produce as much heat as bituminous coal, but it burns longer without as much residue. There are anthracite fields in Pennsylvania and Great Britain (U.S Energy Information Administration). The formation of the other two fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) took millions of years just like coal. Oil and gas come from the remains of small animals and plants. Long ago, when the animals and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. The dead matter formed a large mass, which over time was covered by layers of sand, silt, and mud. As the weight of the sediment increased, the mass became more and more compressed. Then, the heat and pressure of the Earth eventually turned the mass into oil and gas. If the heat applied during the formation was low, then more oil was produced than gas. If the temperature wasShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels2676 Words   |  11 Pages Alternative Energy Sources Emily Lazovich Gwynedd Mercy University Abstract Fossil fuels can be easily found around the globe and the production of these fuels may be cost-effective. Although fossil fuel is harmful to the environment, the United States is continuing to use fossil fuel as a source of energy. In addition to this, once the fossil fuels have all been used up, there is no chance of obtaining more. There are many types of alternative energy sources in the worldRead MoreFossil Fuel And Alternative Sources Of Energy1218 Words   |  5 Pages Energy Policy Jameisha Lyttle Gwynedd Mercy University Abstract The United States government, as well as many others around the world, have relied on fossil fuel as an energy source for a long period of time. The extraction, production, and development of these sources have contributed to the many issues with the environment. In addition to this, fossil fuel will not exist forever because there is a limited amount on earth and it cannot be restored. For this reason, the UnitedRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Energy For Fossil Fuel1432 Words   |  6 Pagesalternate source of energy to fossil fuel is essential. Humans are using up fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, faster than they can be made naturally.This means that there will be a time when all of the fossil fuels will have been used to power . To prevent a world without energy, many alternative sources have been harnessed. Six different pathways for energies were found: solar power, biomass, geothermal power, hydropower, wind power, and nuclear power. All of these are much better alternati ves to fossilRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources Of Fossil Fuels1701 Words   |  7 Pages the world has run on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are critical to global energy infrastructure due to their inherent advantages and generate significant economic value as a result. However, the negative economic and environmental implications of fossil fuels demands a permanent transition towards alternative energy. The world will continue to investigate alternative energy sources and must commit to them to avoid long-term environmental degradation. Ultimately, fossil fuels are on the way out, butRead MoreFossil Fuels : An Alternative Source Of Energy1715 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Fossil fuels have been keeping our country running for quite a long time, throughout our history. The reason why fossil fuels have been so instrumental in our production of energy is the increase in technology. Technology has brought the world ways to dig into the earth and extract oil, which we have been doing quite a bit more of as late. The problem with this increase in drilling and digging for fossil fuels is that there is only so much of it, and cannot be created, or reused. OnceRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1874 Words   |  8 Pagesconsuming energy. Currently the majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels (i.e. coal, natural gas, and oil). Fossil fuels made up eighty-seven percent of the energy consumed worldwide in 2012 (Gonzalez Lucky). There are many people who do not believe there is an energy crisis, or that there is anything wrong with depending on fossil fuels, however fossil fuels are non-renewable, which means once they are gone we are una ble to create more. In addition, the carbon that is located in fossil fuelsRead MoreFossil Fuels And Alternative Energy Sources1682 Words   |  7 PagesMost fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal are considered nonrenewable resources in that their use is not sustainable because their formation takes billions of years (Investopedia, 2014). As the nonrenewable resources become more and more scarce, the cost to obtain them will continue to gradually rise (Investopedia, 2014). Eventually, the price will become so high that users will no longer be able to afford them, forcing the change from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources (Investopedia)Read MoreAlternative Sources Of Energy From Fossil Fuels2846 Words   |  12 Pagestechnology requires a stable source of fuel to produce the thousands of units of energy being consumed by it. At present, this energy is derived from various sources with fossil fuels being the largest by far. According to the United States Energy In formation Administration, in 2014 sixty-seven percent of the United State s energy was converted from fossil fuels. (What is U.S. Electricity Generation by Energy Source?) Although fossil fuels are able to meet rising energy demands, they are limitedRead MoreFossil Fuel Resources For Alternative Sources Of Energy Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesDiminishing fossil fuel resources have prompted scientists and researchers to look for alternative sources of energy. Though several alternative sources of energy have been identified, generation of energy using combustion of fuels still remains the dominant source of energy globally [1]. In search for alternative fuels, biofuels have shown promising results to generate useful energy. However, efficient atomization of some high viscosity biofuels to yield maximum useful energy and minimise emissionsRead MoreBiology - Fossil Fuels vs. Alternative Energy Source1525 Words   |  7 PagesNicoletta Philippides March 15, 2013 Mr. Dunleavy, Period 4 The Effect of Fossil Fuels on Biodiversity Alternative Energy Resources Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon deposits derived from the remains of ancient plants and animals under enormous amounts of heat and pressure. Oil, or petroleum, is one of the most common fossil fuels utilized by people all over the world on a daily basis. Crude oil is a smelly, yellow-black, viscous liquid composed of mostly nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, which is

The Role Of Proteins Of A Cell Range From Structural,...

The DNA encodes specific characteristics of an organism which breaks down into genes. The genes goes through a transcription process. Transcription is where the language of the body s building blocks is transcribed from DNA to RNA and the body will recognize it so it can carry out the next process. Translation of the information collected from RNA is the next step. The information collected is transported to the protein. Certain proteins play specific roles so the body synthesizes the right protein for the specific job at certain time. Production of proteins is one of the most significant processes taking place in the cell. The role of proteins in a cell range from structural, enzymatic and hormonal functions. DNA is responsible for†¦show more content†¦The double spiral of DNA unwinds and unzips in such a way to release the instructions located for the given protein. Consequently, the instructions are carried out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. This point of location of the DNA molecule is called a gene. Genes act as a pattern for another type of nucleic acid called RNA. Instead of a thymine as in DNA, each adenine of the unzipped DNA attracts a uracil, U. The other bases follow the same pattern as in DNA i.e., G, T, and C attract the same partners C, A and G. The single chain of nucleotides which is newly formed is called messenger RNA and its formation is called as transcription. mRNA carries an exact duplicate of the information recorded in the DNA and leaves the nucleus with the instructions. The mRNA molecules are attracted to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Another smaller kind of RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA.) also is there in the cytoplasm. Only one kind of amino acid can be attached to one end of a tRNA molecule while the other end carries a distinctive tag to identify it. The strand of mRNA lines up at the ribosome and the base pairs are attracted to their partners again. The attraction between the mRNA and the tRNA compliments each other. A triplet sequence of mRNA transcript codes for a specific amino acid and the sequence is called a codon. A corresponding triplet sequence on the transfer RNA (tRNA) called as

Anti Depressants An Overview Free Essays

We must limit the number of young children who are administered antidepressants, as we do not have sufficient, if any, data regarding the effects of these drugs on the developing brain. Greater involvement from parents, teachers, ministers, and friends, as well as counseling and psychotherapy must all be used extensively before turning to the â€Å"quick fix† of antidepressants. In the last ten years, the psychiatric field has been flooded with a new group of antidepressants known as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, or SSRIs. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti Depressants: An Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Michele Laraia defines an SSRI as â€Å"a group of compounds that block the reuptake of serotonin by the pre synaptic neuron† (6). By adjusting the level of serotonin, the mood-altering chemical which our body naturally creates, that reaches the brain, we can control the stability of a person’s mood. Tania Unsworth writes that â€Å"almost 600,000 children and adolescents in the US were prescribed SSRI antidepressants in 1996† (1). A more alarming statistic, reported by Joseph Coyle, is that â€Å"there has been a 10-fold increase in the prescription of SSRIs in the US for children under 5 years old between 1993 and 1997† (1). Parents, teachers, and psychiatrists across the country seem a little too anxious to jump on the antidepressant bandwagon. Apparently, many people are willing to turn first to the quick fix of drugs rather than the more time consuming approach of counseling and psychotherapy, although these have proven to be much more effective in the long run (McDougle 1). The most common reason for the prescription of an antidepressant is depression. Until about ten years ago, depression was thought to be nonexistent in children. Depression is now found, using the same criteria used for adults, to be unquestionably diagnosable in children (Fishbein 1). Joyce Price notes that â€Å"the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry puts the number of significantly depressed children and adolescents at 3.4 million† (1). The consequences of depression for children include social dysfunction, academic underachievement, impaired self-image, and suicidal and anti-social behavior (Laraia 1). Depression is also commonly linked to other problems such as conduct disorder, attention deficit disorder, and anxiety disorder. In a survey done by Judith Asch-Goodkin, she reports that â€Å"of over 600 physicians surveyed, more than half (57%) had prescribed an SSRI for a diagnosis other than depression† (1). In some cases, of course, medication is really necessary in order to correct a persisting disorder or complex which, if left untreated, would continue to grow. However, in young children, drug use should be reserved for a final remedy, and even then used with great moderation. The problem with most prescriptions given to children is that these drugs are used simply as a quick fix. Claudia Kalb writes that â€Å"experts say frustrated parents, agitated day-care workers and 10-minute pediatric visits all contribute to quick fixes for emotional and behavioral problems† (1). Parents seem too eager to find an â€Å"excuse† for their child’s behavior. The easiest excuse for a parent to digest is the suggestion that their child has a natural chemical imbalance, correctable by medication. This helps to put the parents mind at ease, assuring them that it is not their fault. In most cases the parents are so relived to find out that their child’s condition is not their fault that they do not bother to look into other ways of helping their child; instead they put their trust in their doctor and do whatever he first suggests. Of course, the scariest thing about giving an antidepressant to a child is that less than 20 percent of the drugs used in children have been tested on children (Price 2). As a matter of fact, none of the drugs which fall in the category of an SSRI have been tested on children. However, since the FDA has approved them for use in adults, doctors can legally prescribe them to children (Crowley 1). The courts have always left drug treatment to the physician’s â€Å"best judgment† (Fisher 1). In fact, Rhoda Fisher states that â€Å"prescribing physicians do not need any scientific proof that a particular drug is effective for the patient they have in mind to treat† (1). In addition, general practitioners and pediatricians do not, for the most part, have the psychiatric knowledge necessary for the prescribing of antidepressants. Determining which medication to use and when to use it can be a confusing task for these doctors (McDougle 1). Without the proper education, prescribing an antidepressant can be a shot in the dark. Rebecca Voelker found in a study of over 600 family physicians and pediatricians that â€Å"72% had prescribed an SSRI for a patient younger than 18 years. Yet only 8% of the physicians said they had received adequate training in the management of childhood depression, and just 16% said they felt comfortable treating children for depression† (182). Surely some method of regulating which physicians can prescribe antidepressants can be established. Furthermore, the vast majority of evidence, so far, suggests that antidepressants do not help childhood depression (Price 1). The body of a child grows far too rapidly for the drug level to remain constant in their body. Fisher goes on to put it more bluntly in saying that â€Å"in view of their negative side effects and clearly demonstrated lack of therapeutic effectiveness, it is inappropriate to treat the younger segment of the population with antidepressant medications† (2). Almost 80 percent of children who are put on medications were referred to doctors for school problems, yet antidepressants have been proven to be ineffective in treating school problems or nebulous behavior problems (Asch-Goodkin 1). Once again, another case where frustration in a child’s behavior is put above the child himself. A quick and easy answer to everything does not always exsist. With no empirical evidence to support drug treatment in young children, many could argue that it is not onl y dangerous but unethical as well. Even in cases where medication is absolutely necessary, psychotherapy should always be a big part of the treatment. The goal of the medication should be to help the child learn to deal with their condition, hopefully drug-free at some point. Too many times the medication is used as the sole treatment. Christopher J. McDougle points out that † the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the AACAP, recommends psychotherapy as the initial treatment for mild to moderate depression† (1). He goes on to say that â€Å"the AACAP notes that SSRIs are never sufficient as the sole treatment† (2). It has been proven time and time again that most children are just reaching out and need an adult to show actual one-on-one attention to them. This is why psychotherapy is so very important. Children need that human contact. Of course, the primary concern in treating children with antidepressants is that we have absolutely no data on how these drugs affect the long-term brain development (Kalb 2). We are shoveling pills into the mouths of little children whose bodies and minds are at the most sensitive stages of their development, and we do not even know how these drugs will affect that. The pharmaceutical companies remain as the major funding sources for the study of various drugs and their effects on the body (Allen 6). The problem is that the law only requires them to test the drugs on adults. After that, it is up to the physicians who prescribe them. Allen explains their lack of ambition in pursuing such tests by claiming that â€Å"there is little incentive for the industry to conduct premarketing or post-marketing controlled treatment trials in children, since they are very expensive and raise liability concerns† (6). What is the key word here? Money. The pharmaceutical companies are not wil ling to shell out the extra money no matter what the costs. In his studies, McDougle found that â€Å"children and adolescents are more likely to have behavioral side effects; younger children being the most vulnerable† (5). Common side effects that are popular with younger patients are gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and anorexia (McDougle 3). Others common side effects are headaches, tremors, jitteriness, and nervousness (McDougle 3). Also, for some children hypomania, mania, and psychosis have all occurred (McDougle 4). On the other side of the mania disorders are the many different sleep disorders caused by these drugs. McDougle†s studies go on to show that â€Å"SSRIs, like virtually all antidepressants, alter sleep architecture, decreasing total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and the total duration of rapid-eye movement sleep† (3). The result of this is children who suffer daytime sedation, insomnia, and vivid, frightening dreams. In one of McDougle†s study groups, 42 percent had wild, vivid dreams that resul ted in the subjects injuring themselves enough to require hospitalization (5). Another concern, reported by Rhoda Fisher, is the scattered cases of children dying â€Å"suddenly and unexpectedly† (2). This may be linked to Serotonin Syndrome, a condition which can be derived from just one seronergic agent (McDougle 5). Children suffering from Serotonin Syndrome will experience fever, muscular rigidity, and a drastic mental status change. Also, they may be affected by hyper pyrexia (temperature above 105 degrees farenheight)mandating aggressive cooling, muscular paralysis, and intubation (McDougle 3). The time has come when we must demand that the pharmaceutical companies, physicians, and psychiatrists be better regulated. The changes made would be minimal but their outcome would be incomparable to anything else. Certainly, we must protect the health and the rights of young people who may not be able to do so for themselves. Medication is just a part, and a small part at that, of the therapeutic process. All options outside of medication should be thoroughly exercised before moving on to the next phase. Parents, teachers, and ministers must first do their part before recommending a child for professional care. After that, strict regulations must be put on doctors and psychiatrists to ensure that only those knowledgeable enough to prescribe antidepressants to children can do so. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical companies must be forced to test their products on any age group that might have access to these drugs. It is critical to the future of our society that we stop drugging are youth and look for more natural approaches. How to cite Anti Depressants: An Overview, Essay examples

Social Class and Stratification Classic Statements

Question: Discuss about the Social Class and Stratification for Classic Statements. Answer: Introduction A society is often described with various terms depending on the region and its occupants. Egalitarian is an aspect that there is human equality in regard to political, social, and economic affairs. Social classes are another way of describing a society as described by Max Weber and Max Karl. The Australian society is stratified in different social classes. Properties of belonging to a specific class align closely with the economic, cultural and social capital of Australia. An individual in the society is able to progress from one class to another . Stratification of Australian social classes The established affluent class, is a group of individuals in the Australian society which enjoy the most of the merits. Members of this group enjoy the benefits of their parents' professional prestige and also earning high incomes at lower professional prestige than the working class. The possession of the property gives this class a distinction among other classes as stated by Weber(Ringer, 2010). Some-times monopoly powers lies in the hands of property owners. The state of being a monopoly provides the control of the market of commodities and labor. Ownership and control of markets give the established affluent class access to sources of wealth creation. Subdivision between property owners based on wealth accumulation has led to an emergent affluent class. Entrepreneurs use their wealth in commercial ventures and a successful venture may result from yields of high profits. Cumulative positive results from entrepreneurs' ventures may result to individual growth raises an individual to emergent affluent class(Ferrante, 2007). The Australian society with ownership of land or investments from renting land has advantages of converting the property to money and advancing to the emergent affluent class. Almost thirty per cent of the Australian society belongs to the mobile middle class. Members in this social class transition out of the established middle class. Mobile middle class form a gateway to emergent affluent class. The established middle class has an average aspect in terms of assets, income, social and educational attainment, cultural capital and intergenerational advantage(Levine, 2006). This society in this set is considerably less likely to contribute in emerging cultural behavior such as using social media or listening and going to gigs. The established working class of Australians is the oldest group, consisting of a mean age of sixty-six years. They have a low participation in both emerging cultural activities and highbrow. This group also depicts the lowest the lowest occupational prestige and social contact score among their contacts. Members of this social class have the least intergenerational advantages as compared to other classes(Levine, 2006). The predecessor of this generation worked in low-prestige jobs. The working class society current earnings are the lowest in the household incomes .the group is also associated with owning the least valuable property assets. The level of educational accomplishment marks the least level in these social strata which entrenches in their relative intergenerational disadvantage. Conclusion In conclusion, actions of the society might develop from a popular class condition in certain situations. As Weber did believe that the general cultural situations played a major role in the determining a class status. regarding to Weber the degree of the contrasts among the property-less workers and property owners they should be clear to the employees for general action on the issue of class to occur. References Brennan, C. (2009). Max Weber on power and social stratification: an interpretation and critique. Farnham: Ashgate. Ferrante, J. (2007). Sociology: A Global Perspective. Boston: Cengage Learning. Levine, R. F. (2006). Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield. Ringer, F. (2010). Max Weber: An Intellectual Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.